Chapter 6 Biology 101 KD
Terms
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copy deck
- visible light passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses the refract (bend) the light so that the image is magnified as it is projected
- light microscope
- these can magnify about 1000 times the actual size of a specimen
- light microscopes
- electron beam scans the surface of the sample. Beam excites electrons. Shows 3D image of the surface of a specimen
- SEM
- aims an electron beam through a thin section of the specimen. Uses electromagnets to bend the paths of electrons and focuses the image onto a screen for viewing. Ultrastructure of cell
- TEM
- takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other subcellular structures
- cell fractionation
- All cells have these features:
-
1)plasma membrane
2) cytosol
3) chromosomes
4) ribosomes - functions as selective barrier, allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes. Consists of phospholipid bilayer
- plasma membrane
- a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the ______ by mechanically supporting the ______
-
nuclear lamina
nucleus - double membrane of lipid bilayers and association proteins with perforated pore structures
- nuclear envelope
- a mass of densely stained granules and fibers ajoining part of the chromatin. Ribosomal RNA is synthesized here
- nucleolus
- endomembrane system consists of:
-
1) endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
2)glycoproteins
3) transport vesicles
- structures of the endomembrane system:
-
1) endoplasmic reticulum
2) transport vesicles
3) glycoproteins
4) golgi apparatus
5) lysosomes
6) vacuoles - reservoir for liquids
- cisternae
- an extensive network of membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope
- endoplasmic reticulum
-
synthesis of lipids
metabolism of carbohydrates
detoxification of drugs and poisons - functions of the smooth ER
- adding hydroxyl groups to make ___ more soluble
- detoxification, drug molecules
- stores calcium ions-when a muscle cell is stimulated by a nerve impulse, calcium ions rush back across the _____membrane into the cytosol and trigger contractions of ______cells
- smooth ER, ER, muscle
- would insulin be secreted by a free or bound protein?
- bound-pancreatic cells synthesize insulin on the ER and secrete hormone into bloodstream
-
proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them
generally are ______proteins -
glycoproteins
secretory - polypeptides destined to be membrane proteins are anchored onto ER membrane by what?
- hydrophobic portions
- cisternae of the golgi actually progress forward from the cis face to the trans face of the Golgi
- cisternal maturation model
-
a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules
work best in acidic conditions
made by rough ER and transferred to golgi apparatus - lysosomes
- ______ vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis
- food
-
______ Have two membranes separating their innermost space from the cytosol
vs
_______ which have three membranes separating their innermost space from the cytosol -
mitochondria
chlorophasts - what is the structure of mitochondrion membranes?
-
phospholipid bilayer
two membranes
outer membrane=smooth
inner membrane=convoluted, with cristae
inner membrane divides mitochondrion into two internal departments - what are the two internal compartments of mitochondrion?
-
1) intermembrane space-narrow region
2) mitochondrial matrix-the compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle -
chloroplast structure=
flattened interconnected sacs called ______
(sacs from above) stacked like poker chips; each stack called _______
-
thylakoid
granum - fluid outside the thylakoid, contains chloroplast DNA and ribosomes and enzymes
- stroma
- contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various subtrates to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by-product
- peroxisomes
- use oxygen to break fatty acids down into smaller molecules
- peroxisomes
- detoxify alcohol and others by transferring hydrogen from the poisons to oxygen; organelle contains enzyme that converts H2O2 to water
- peroxisomes
- contain enzymes that initiate the conversion of fatty acids to sugar
- glyoxysomes