Chapter three book terms vocab KD
Terms
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- -flexibility of the brain in making changes in organization/function in response to stuff
- neural plasticity
- -comparison of biological and adoptive relatives with and without a given disorder to asses genetic influences versus environmental influences
- adoption method
- compare frequences of genetic marker location between two groups
- association studies
- John Bowlby-emphasized importance of early experiences, especially those with attachment relationships
- attachment theory
- the process of assigning causes to things that happen
- attribution
- children who are fearful in many unfamiliar situations
- behaviorally inhibited
- causal factors occurring early in life that show their effects many years later
- distal causal factors
- operate shortly before the occurrence of the symptoms of a disorder
- proximal causal factors
-
family history, twin method, adoption method
examples of _____ - behavior genetics
- biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that interact and play role in psychopathology
- biopsychosocial viewpoint
- chain-like structures within a cell nucleus that contain the genes
- chromosomes
- a specific stimulus may come to elicit a specific response
- classical conditioning
- focuses on how thoughts and information processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive behaviors and emotions
- cognitive-behavioral perspective
- percentage of twins sharing a disorder/trait
- concordance rate
- a cause that increases the probability of a disorder developing but is neither necessary nor sufficient for it to occur
- contributory cause
- mobilizes the body to deal with stress
- cortisol
- focuses on determining what is abnormal at any point in development by comparing and contrasting it with the normal and expected changes that occur
- developmental psychology
-
acknowledges that genetic activity influences neural activity, which in turn influences behavior, which in turn influences the environment.
Bidirectional - developmental systems approach
-
a predisposition towards developing a disorder
vunerability - diathesis
- view of abnormal behavior as the result of stress operating on an individual with a disposition
- diathesis-stress models
- when a person learnins to distinguish between similar stimuli and respond differently to them based on reinforcement
- discrimination
- mediates between demands of the id and the realities of the external world
- ego
- irrational protective measures by the ego
- ego-defense mechanisms
- causal pattern
- etiology
- when the conditioned response eztinguishes because the conditioned stimuli is presented without the unconditioned stimuli
- extinction
- investigators observe samples of relatives of each index case to see whether the incidence increases in portion to the degree of hereditary relationships
-
family history
pedigree method - when a response is conditioned to one stimulus and can also be evoked by another
- generalization
- transmission of hereditary traits
- genes
- genetic endowment
- genotype
- causal factors occuring early in life that show their effects many years later
- distal causal factors
- operate shortly before the occurence of the symptoms of a disorder
- proximal causal factors
- a condition that tends to maintain maladaptive behavior that is already occurring
- reinforcing contributory cause
- two way infuences
- biodirectional
- a person with no diathesis or a very low level of diathesis could still develop disorder if stress is high enough
- additive-diathesis stress model
- when a genotype shapes the environmental experiences a child has
- genotype-environmental correlatiob
- people with different genotypes may be differentially sensitive or susceptible to their environments
- genotype-environment interaction
- chemical messengers secreted by a set of endocrine glands in our body
- hormones
- source of instinctual drives (life instincts and death instincts)
- ID
- individual learns how to achieve a goal through reinforcement
- instrumental or operant conditioning
- understanding abnormal behavior views much of psychopathology as rooted in unfortunate tendencies we experience
- interpersonal perspective
- mental conflicts between the three subsystems of the personality
- intrapsychic conflicts
- the basic emotional and psychic energy of life
- libido
- capitalize on several currently known locations on chromosomes of genes for other inherited characteristics
- linkage analysis
- a condition that must exist for a disorder to occur (cause x for cause y)
- necessary cause
- chemical substances that are released into the synapse by the presynaptic neuron when a nerve impulse occurs
- neurotransmitters
- focus on individuals interactions with real and imagined people and relationships between external and internal objects
- object-relations theory
-
learning through observation alone
(Bandura studies) - observational learning
- young men long for their mothers sexually and views father as hated rival
- Oedipus complex
- observed characteristics
- phentotype
- master gland, produces many hormones
- pituitary gland
-
selfish and pleasure oriented behavior
instant gratification
id operates on this -
pleasure principle
- influenced by multiple genes or multiple polymorphisms of genes
- polygenic
- mental images and wish fulfilling fantasies
- primary process thinking
- ego uses reason and other intellectual resources
- reality principle
- the delivery of a reward of pleasant stimulus or the removal of or escape from an aversive stimuli
- reinforcement
- the ability to adapt successfully to even very difficult circumstances
- resilience
- an underlying representation of knowledge that guides information processing and leads to distortions
- schema
- views on who we are, what we might become, and what is important to us
- self schema
- refers to the conditioned response returning
- spontaneous recovery
- the response or experience of an individual to demands that he perceives as taxing
- stress
- a condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder
- sufficient cause
- conscience-executive branch of personality
- superego
- the site of communication between the axon of one cell and the dendrites/cell body of another
- synapse
- used to study genetic influences
- twin method
- working new experiences into our existing cognitive frameworks
- assimilation
- changing our existing frameworks to make it possible to incorporate new information that doesnt fit
- accomodation