A & P Integumentary System
Terms
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- Integument
- Largest and most extensive organ systems in the body composed of all four tissue types. It covers and protects underlying structures and forms a critical barrier between the delicate inner workings of the body and harsh elements of the external world.
- Integumentary system
- The skin, together with related structures. Also called the common integument.
- What are the protective and regulatory duties on this system?
-
1. prevents desiccation and reduces the threat of injury.
2. assists in the maintenance of normal body temp and excretes water, salt, and organic wastes.
3. Sensory organ.
4. Synthesis of vitamin D and storage of nutrients. - Skin forms what to distinct layers?
- Epidermis and the dermis.
- Another name for the dermis.
- Corium.
- What separates the epidermis and the dermis?
- An epithelial basement membrane.
- What type of cells is the epidermis composed of?
- Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
- Which layer of skin contains the blood vessels?
-
Dermis.
- Hypodermis
- Also know as the subcutaneous layer. Found below the dermis and is composed of mostly adipose tissue. Acts as thermoinsulator and mechanical shock absorber.
- Melanocyte
- Pigment producing cell.
- Melanin
- Produced by melanocytes. Dark pigment store in membrane bound granules called Melanosomes.
- Langerhans cell
- Macrophage specific to the epidermis. Phagocytizes microinvaders and stimulates other aspects of the immune system.
- Merkel Cells
- Found in small numbers they are always assciated with sensory nerve ending and are thought to aid in the sensation of touch.
- Which layer is the dandruff layer?
- Stratum Corneum
- Which layer is found in thick skin?
- Stratum Lucidum
- Which layer plays a role in waterproofing?
- Stratum granulosum
- Which layer has Langrehans cells?
- Stratum Spinosum
- Which is the deepest layer?
- Stratum germinativum aka stratum basale.
- Name the layers of the skin going from deepest to most luminal.
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Stratum:
1. Germinativum
2. Spinosum
3. Granulosum
4. Lucidum
5. Corneum - Name the layers of skin starting from the top and going to the deepest.
-
Stratum:
1. Corneum
2. Lucidum
3. Granulosum
4. Spinosum
5. Germinativum - Which layers are missing on furred animals?
- Stratum Granulosum and Lucidum
- Tactile elevations
- Also known as epidermal papillae.
- True or false: Dermis makes up the greatest portion of the integumentary system?
- True.
- Is the dermis more cellular or fibrous?
-
Fibrous
- What are all found in the dermis?
- Hair follicles, nerve endings, glands, smooth muscle, blood vessels and lymphatic channels. Fibroblasts, adipocytes and macrophages are also present and found in the cellular portion.
- Which layer represents the hide of the animal?
- Dermis
- What two layers are the dermis composed of?
- Superficial Papillary layer and deeper reticular layer.
- Papillary layer
- lies just beneath the epithelial layer of the epidermis and is composed of loose connective tissue with loosely woven fibers and ground substance.
- Dermal papillae
- Formed in the papillary layer, nipplelike projections. Rise up into the epidermis to help cement epidermis and dermis together.
- Pigmentation
- Caused by the presence or absence of melanin granules in the armlike extensions of the melanocytes.q
- MSH
- Melanocyte-Stimulating-Hormone
- What are the multiple types of paw pads?
-
Carpal pads
Metacarpal and Metatarsal
Digital pads - Planum nasale
- The top of the nose in cats, pigs, sheep, and dogs.
- Planum nasolabiale
- Aka the muzzle in cows and horses.
- Cutaneous pouches
- Infoldings of skin found in sheep located in front of eyes, between hoof digits and in the groin.
- Where may animals be devoid of hair?
- Hooves, lips, paw pads, horns, nipples, inner folds of genitalia and nasal regions.
- Shaft
- Part of the hair that is visible above the skin.
- Root
- portion of the hair buried within the skin.
- Hair is anchored by what?
- Hair follicle
- Hair bulb
- Deepest part of the follicle turns into the bulb.
- rOOT HAIR PLEXUS
- A web of sensory nerve endings that envelop the root.
- The wall of the hair follicle is composed of what three layers?
- Internal epithelial root sheath, outer epithelial root sheath, and dermal or connective tissue root sheath.
- Compound follicles
- Fur grows out with multiple strands out of a single epidermal orifice or pore.
- Primary hair
- Aka Guard hair or cover hair.
- Secondary hair
- Aka satellite hairs.
- Hair is formed in what three concentric layers?
- Medulla, cortex, and then the cuticle.
- What are the growth cycles of hair?
- Anagen, catagen, and telogen phases.
- Anagen phase
- cells are added at the base of the root, hair lengthens.
- Catagen phase
- period of transition between anagen and telogen phases
- Telogen phase
- maximum length of hair is achieved, hair stops growing, hair follicle shortens and hair is held in a resting phase.
- Arrector Pili muscle
- Small smooth muscle attached to each hair follicle. Contraction of the muscle pulls hair to an erect position.
- What are the four types of glands of the skin?
- Sebaceous, sweat (sudoriferous), tail and anal sacs.
- What are the two types of sweat glands?
- Eccrine and Apocrine
- Eccrine glands
- Empty onto surface of skin through long duct.
- Apocrine glands
- empty into hair follicles
- Are claws usually pigmented?
-
Yes!
- Another name for the hoof.
- Ungula
- Corium
- The tissue that hooves rest on.
- The wall of the hoof.
- External portion of the hoof visible from the anterior, lateral and medial views. Divided into the toe, the quarters and the heels.
- The sole of the hoof.
- Plantar or plamar, surface of the hoof; outer layers are avascular and lack innervation.
- The frog of the hoof.
- Triangular horny structure located between the heels on the underside of the hoof.
- Central Sulcus
- Central depression on the frog.
- Digital cusion
- A thick pad of fat and fibrous tissue lies beneath the sensitive frog.
- Antlers
- Solid bone, velvet (external blood supply), shed anually, branched.
- Dew Claws
- Accessory digits.