polisci 1050 final

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consists of all government programs and regulations that directly affect those living within a country: domestic policy
stages of policy making:: agenda setting
policy deliberation
policy enactment
policy emplementation
policy evaluation
what is the first stage of policy making?: agenda setting
making an issue visible enough that important political leaders take it seriously: agenda setting
what is the second stage of policy making?: policy deliberation
the debate and discussion over issues placed on the policy agenda: policy deliberation
what is the third stage of policy making?: policy enactment
the passage of a law by public officials: policy enactment
what is the fourth stage of policy making: policy implementation
the translation of the law into an actual set of government programs or regulations: policy implementation
what is the last stage of policy making?: policy evaluation
occurs when businesses and individuals feel the effects of the policy: policy evaluation
consists of programs designed to help those thought to be in need of government assistance: social policy
during the great depression when poverty among the elderly was particularly acute, who appointed an advisory committee to consider the problem: franklin roosevelt
roosevelts committee recommended a program of: social insurance
congress enacted the social insurance act in ---- with which other act?: 1935
social securities act
in 1965 congress enacted what?: medicare
this provided social security recipients a broad range of medical benefits: medicare
social security is a --- ---. politicians do not dare --- with it: sacred cow.
tamper
senior citizens have clout due to their: tendency to vote more than the average voter
consists of programs that provide low income households with limited income and access to essential goods and services: public assistance
temporary assistance for needy families, food stamps, and earned income tax credit are all: safety net programs or special assistance programs
tanf replaced the aid to families with --- --- program created in 1935: dependent children
the afdc was known as the --- --- and was ---: welfare program
unpopular
established in 1965 this program pays for medical services for the poor: medicaid
over --- --- of all medicaid costs vocer the medical expenditures of low income --- ---: one fourth
senior citizens
funlike the elderly, --- have no large group to speak on their behalf: children
on the --- side is the family research council: conservative
historically, americansv have supported a large, well-financed: educational system
responsibility for --- is divided among local school boards, state departments of education, and the federal department of education: education
95 percent of the cost of public education is paid for out of --- and --- budgets each contributing about ---: state
local
half
the confederation congress was setting aside land for --- as early as ----: schools
1785
pubic schools did much to build: american democracy
schools helped create a common: language
schools reinfoced the concepts of --- and ---: liberty
equality
public schools educated the: workforce
who advocated national standards: clinton
others think the solution is in allowing parents their choice of which schools their children will attend- also known as the: voucher system
refers to efforts to hold pubic education responsible for the performance of students and to measure that performance independent from a school assessment: accountability
elements of an accountability system:: -students incentives to perform
-school report cards
-assistance for low performing schools to help them improve
-rewards for high performing schools
texas assessment and accountability is based on: state defined curriculum (teks)
a testing system (taks)
george bush used many of these accountability ideas in proposing the national program-: no child left behind
this was different because it injected the national government more directly into imposing standards on the states: no child left behind
in healthcare, americans also spend more out of pocket than any other nation-: 1000 a year
the nature of the health care system: -employer provided or subsidized coverage
-medicare and medicaid
-the uninsured
consists of rules and standards that control economic, social and political activities: government regulation
the basis for regulation is found in portions of the constitution such as the: commerce clause
several major regulatory laws were passed during the: progressive era
many more regulatory laws were created during the: new deal
the third wave of regulatory innovation took place during the --- and --- as part of the: 1960s
1970s
great society
a public service is best provided by a single company-: natural monopoly
consequences of activities that do not directly affect those engaged in them, such as air pollution: negative externalities
regulations are used to protect those who cannot be expected to be well informed- aka-: consumers
sometimes regulations are created as a reaction to a well-publiciezed --- or ---: incident or disaster
a range within which congress will accept that whatever an agency decides is the correct interpretation of the statutes: zone of acceptance
congress has introduced in many areas policies of: deregulation
the removal of government rules that once governed an industry: policies of deregulation
the most celebrated deregulation occurred within the: airline industry
the supreme court has had a large impact in the area of regulation of --- --- by congress: interstate commerce
the court held that the wheat consumed but not marketed still had an effect on interstate commerce because farmers consuming their own wheat cut the overall demand and depressed the market in: wickard v. filburn
filburn was a small ohio: farmer
a criminal statute that had nothing to do with commerce-: gun free school zone act of 1990
the violence against women act of 1994 came out of which court case: us v. morrison
the supreme court decided --- found that congress had no power under the commerce clause to provide a federal --- --- to these victims: lopez
civil remedy
own personal use did not have much impact on the interstate market but congress could certainly think that home grown production for private use could leak into the commercial market: gonzales v. raich
the measure of the total value of economic activity in a nation in one year: gross domestic product
slowdowns in economic activity: recession
officially defined as a decline in economic activity that persists for two quarters: recession
the short-term fluctuations in the economy such as recessions followed by recovery, renewed expansion and rising prices, are referred to as the -: business cycle
when economic times are hard, people tend to blame those that are: in charge
the popularity of the president drops during: recessions
found himself in the worst position when running for reelection: carter
--- and --- were both simultaneously high this leading to ---: unemployement
inflation
stagflation
consist of government spending and taxing decisions: fiscal policy
if government expenditures exceed revenues, government runs a: deficit
if government revenues exceed expenditures, government enjoys a: surplus
--- argued that not all deficit spending was bad: keynes
in 1946, congress created the --- --- --- to advise the president: council of economic advisers (cea)
this theory argues that money supply is the most important influence on the economy: monetarism
an economic policy based on the belief that governments can keep the economy healthy by supplying the conditions that encourage private economic activity: supply-side economics (reganomics)
according to this theory, firms, investors and other private economic actors rationally anticipate what government plans to do and then act in ways to offset those effects: rational expectations
the action taken by governbment to vary the supply of oney in an effort to stabilize the business cycle: monetary policy
relies on raising or lowering interest rates: monetary policy
responsible for managing the governments monetary policy: federal reserve system
many economists think that the --- --- is an effective took for managing the economy because, unlike --- --- it can be altered quickly in response to changing economic circumstances: the gurrent chair is ben bernanke-
the current chair is ben bernanke-: the fed chair
the fed is relatively insulated from: electoral politics
the control congress does exercise of the fed is --- with --- and --- ---: indirect
jawboning
public hearings
two versions of --- --- interpretation- the partisan and the election cycle have been proposed: presidential control
presidents deliberately manipulate the economy in the: election cycle
fed supporters say several factors guarantee the independence of the fed:: 14 year terms for board members; removal only by impeachment
--- are a hot political issue since most americans think that --- are too high and the government spends money on frivolous programs: taxes
the total amount of tax that a household pays: tax burden
consists of the types of activities, types of property or kinds of investments that are subject to taxation: the tax base
special tax treatment for certain activities, property, or investments: tax preferences
tax credits for college tuition, deductions for mortgage interest, and deductions for charitable contributions are examples of: tax preferences
taxes intended to discourage unwanted behavior. examples?: sin taxes
alcohol, cigarettes
taxes are said to be --- if people with higher income pay a higher tax rage: progressive
taxes that require low income people to pay a higher rate are called: regressive.
would tax all income groups above a certain minimum the same rate: flat tax
other countries rely more heavily on --- --- such as sales taxes, or value added taxes, hidden in the prices of goods and services: consumption taxes
the amount of money owed by the government to creditors who hold us debt instruments: national debt
relative to the size of the economy, the --- --- in the us is moderate: public debt
the conduct of relations among nation states: foreign policy
states that presidents have more power in managing foreign affairs than they do domestic affairs: two-presidency theory
there are four reasons foreign policy differs from domestic policy:: -need for fast action
-voters focus on presidents
-limited role of interest groups
-congressional role
foreign policy questions often require: fast action
the public looks to the president in --- --- and tends to rally around him when he ---: foreign affairs
acts
in recent years, the public is liss inclined to --- --- --- --- and expect results within a year: rally around the president
most --- --- are not large enough or concentrated enough or sufficiently attentive to events overseas to have a decisive effect on us foreign policy the exceptions are?: nationality groups
cuba and israel
only --- can declare war, but the president is the --- --- ---: congress
commander in chief
prior to the civil war, presidents seldom acted on their own --- ---: military matters
--- --- was the first to give an extended interpretation of the role of commander in chief: president lincoln
in --- v --- congress passed a --- --- in 1934 which gave the president the authority to issue a proclamation which made it a crime to sell arms and munitions to countries involved in the chaco war: us v. curtiss-wright
joint resolution
what were the countries involved in the chaco war?: bolivia and paraguay
the court held it lawful for congress to bestow upon the president --- --- in foreign matters: wide descretion
the court held that the president is without power to seize private property, even though and emergency exists. he was precluded from exercising such power in this case because congress had already specified legislation for this type of event: youngstown sheet and tube co v sawyer
under the congressionally-passed -- ------ ---, the presidents foreign policy power has been increased, thus diluting the war powers resolution: us patriot act
an official agreement with a foreign country, ratified by the senate: treaty
a president can negotiate a treaty but before he can ratify it, the --- must give its consent with a --- --- vote: senate
two thirds
the ability of a small number of senators to block consent has induced presidents to negotiate: exacutive agreements
legal contracts with foreign countries that require only a presidential signature: executive agreements
a 43 year period during which the us and the soviet union threatened one another with mutual destruction by nuclear warfare: cold war
the cold war began at a time when the prestige of the --- --- was high: executive branch
the united states decided on a policy of ----, to stop the spread of --- in the expectation that this system of government would eventually collapse on its own: containment
communism
report to the secretary, and are responsible for the management of major us embassies abroad, which house diplomatic delegations in the capital cities of foreign countries: ambassadors
combined the departments of army and navy into a single department of defense along with the air force: the 1947 national security act
created in 1947, the --- has the primary responsibility for gathering and analyzing information about the political and military activities of other nations: cia
in response to the failures of the cia and the fbi, as well as their inability to work effectively together to identify terrorists, congress created a --- --- --- to coordinate intelligence gather: national security director
is responsible for the coordination of us foreign policy and is headed by the national security adviser: national security counsel
nsa robert mcfarlane helped orchestrate a secret arms sale to iran in an effort to secure release of several american hostages in the middle east in the-: iran-contra scandal
profits from the iran-contra scanda were then diverted to the: contras
a gui9rilla group in nicaragua: contras
those who say that foreign policy should be guided primarily by democratic principles: idealists
say that us foreign policy best protects democracy when it safeguards its own economic and military strength: realists
designed to enhance democratic practices in other countries have long been a point of contention between --- and ---: interventions
realists and idealists
was created at the end of ww2 to promote world peace and foster economic and social development: the united nations
lawsuits seeking damage due to negligence of malfeasance committed by one person (or corporation) against another.: torts
the effort by big business and insurance companies to limit the amount of damages in tort cases, in hopes of making lawsuits too costly for plaintiffs, is known as: tort reform
those seeking tort reform took two paths:: -attempt to influence public policy about these issues
-nominate and elect state and national legislators supportive of tort reform, fund their election campaigns during both primary and general elections
three different public policy explanations for this type of policy shift: -group theory
-rational choice theory
-incrementalism
the most useful way to understand public policy is in terms of the many groups that try to influence decision making, and to adopt policies that aid their group: group theory
individuals, groups, political parties and others involved in politics attempt to maximize costs to obtain goals: rational choice theory
almost all public policy changes come in small steps. over time these may lead to significant changes, or they may cancel each other out: incrementalism

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