medical term final exam
Terms
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- Doppler Ultrasound
- noninvasive adaptation of ultrasound technology in which blood flow velocity is assessed in different areas of the heart
- how does Doppler ultrasound work?
- sound waves strike moving red blood cells and are reflected back to a recording device that graphically records blood flow through cardiac structures
- etiology
- the study of the cause or origin of a disease or disorder
- signs
- objective indicators that are observable
- symptoms
- subjective and experienced only by the patient
- anastomosis
-
surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
connects any tubular parts - incision and drainage (I&D)
- incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a wound or cavity
- MRI
-
Magnetic resonance imaging
noninvasive imaging technique that uses radiowaves and strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images - what is and MRI used for?
- to diagnose a growing number of diseases because it provides superior soft tissue contrast. used for central nervous system images, musculoskeltal and pelvic areas.
-
first degree burns
-location
-characteristics
-cause
-
superficial burns
least serious
only on the epidermis
usually caused by brief contact with moist or dry heat, spending too much time in the sun or exposure to chemicals
skin redness, acute sensitivity -
second degree burns
-cause
-characteristics
-location
-symptoms -
partial -thickness
deep burns that damage both the epidermis and part of the dermis
caused by contact with flames, hot liquids or chemicals
symptoms mimic those of first- degree burns but fluid -filled blisters form and the burn may heal with little or no scarring -
third-degree burns
-location
-characteristics
-symptoms
-causes -
full-thickness
the epidermis and the dermis are both destroyed and some of the underlying connective tissue is damaged
skin looks waxy and charred with insensitivity to touch
the underlying bones, tendons and muscles may also be damaged
may be caused by corrosive chemicals, flames, electricity or extremely hot objects - immersion of the body in hot water or clothes catching on fire
ulcerating wounds develop and the body attempts to heal itself by forming scar tissue - Rule of nines
-
formula for estimating the percentage of adult body surface area that is affected by burns
head and neck -9%
back-18%
anterior side -18%
left arm -9%
right arm 9%
left leg -18%
right leg- 18%
pubic area - 1% - malignant melanoma
-
a neoplasm composed of abnormal melanocytes that commonly begin in a darly pigmented mole
most lethal of the skin cancers
can metastasize extensively to the liver, lungs or brain - who are at greater risk for melanoma?
- people with fair complexions, blue eyes, red or blonde hair, and freckles
- what are some factors said to increase the risk of melanoma in later life?
- excessive exposure to sunlight and severe sunburn during childhood
- how is melanoma diagnosed?
- by biopsy along with histological examination
- what are the treatments for melanoma?
-
surgery to remove the primary cancer along with adjuvant therapies to reduce the risk of metastasis
*the extent of surgery depends on the size and location of the primary tumor and is determined by staging the disease - Crohn Disease
-
chronic inflammation, usually of the ileum, but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract, also called regional enteritis
- GERD
-
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus - when does GERD occur
- whenever pressure in the stomach is greater than that in the esophagus and may be associated with heartburn, esophagitis, hiatal hernia or chest pain
- colostomy
- creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag
- hepatitis
-
an inflammatory condition of the liver
usually caused by over exposure to toxic substances, obstructions in the bile ducts, metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases and bacterial or viral infections - jaundice
- yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes and sclerae of the eyes, usually a major symptom of many liver disorders including hepatitis and cirrhosis
-
sickle cell anemia
-causes
-characteristics -
most common genetic disorder in people of African descent
characterized by RBCs that become crescent and irregularly shaped when oxygen levels are low, thus preventing cells from entering capillaries and resulting in severe pain and internal bleeding
caused by a defect in the gene responsible for hemoglobin synthesis - autoimmunity
- the failure of the body to distinguish between self and nonself . immune system attacks the antigens found on its own cells to such an extent that tissue injury results
- myasthenia gravis
- autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction . muscles of the limbs and eyes and those affecting speech and swallowing are usually involved
- hodgkin disease
-
a malignant disease of the lymph system, primarily the lymph nodes.
- pallor
-
unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin
- ultrasonography
- imaging procedure using high-freuency sound waves (ultrasound) that display the reflected "echoes" on a monitor, also called ultrasound, sonography, echo and echography
- endoscopy
- visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
- myocardial infraction (MI)
- when the occlusion is total or almost total, and the affected area of the heart muscle dies. symptoms can include angina, diaphoresis, pallor and dyspenea
- what do expectorants do?
-
liquify respiratory secretions so that they are more easily dislodged during coughing episodes
prescribed for productive coughs - cystic fibrosis
- a hereditary disorder of the exocrine gland that causes the body to secrete extremely thick (viscous) mucus. viscous clogs ducts of the pancreas and digestive tract. digestion becomes impaired and the patient may suffer from malnutrition
- ischemia
- when localized areas of the heart experience oxygen deficiency due to partial occlusion
- necrosis
- bone infections that result in destruction of the bone
- bronchodialators
- stimulate bronchial muscles to relax, thereby expanding air passages, resulting in increased air flow
- hemothorax
- pleural effusion of blood
- pneumothorax
- air entering the pleural space
- ascites
- abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
- ARDS
-
acute respiratory distress syndrome
condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of the patient
usually occurs as a result of very serious lung conditions, such as trauma, severe pneumonia and other major infections that affect the entire body or blood - cholelithiasis
- presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct
- hyperlipidemia
- excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides) in the blood.
- rheumatoid arthrities
- a systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their related structures, results in crippling deformities
- osteoarthritis
-
aka degenerative joint disease (DJD)
most common type of connective tissue disease
cartilage destruction and new bone formation at the edges of joints are the most common pathologies seen with osteoarthritis - gouty arthritis
- metabolic disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the blood.
- osteoporosis
-
a common metabolic bone disorder in the elderly, particularly in postmenopausal women and especially women older than age 60.
characterized by decreased bone density that occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation. - salpingo-oophorectomy
- excision of an ovary and fallopian tube
- gravida
- pregnant woman
- para
- woman who has given birth to one or more viable infants
- cystoscopy
- endoscopy of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, obtaining biopsies of tumors or other growths and removal of polyps
- ESRD
-
end-stage renal disease
condition in which kidney function is permanently lost - prostate gland
- triple-lobed organ fused to the base of the bladder
- Parkinson disease
-
progressive neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement
patient develops uncontrollable nodding of the head, decreased speed of movement, tremors, large joint stiffness, and a shuffling gait - multiple sclerosis
-
MS
progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system
characterized by inflammation , hardening and finally loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain - Guillain-Barre syndrome
- autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves in which myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response and sudden muscle weakness
- cataracts
-
opacities that form on the lens and impair vision
commonly produced by protein that slowly builds up over time until vision is affected - glaucoma
-
characterized by increased intraocular pressure caused by the failure of aqueous humor to drain from the eye through a tiny duct called the canal of schlemm
increased pressur on the optic nerve destroys it and vision is permanently lost - presbyopia
-
form of farsightedness
defect associated with the aging process
usually occurs between 40 and 45
distant objects seen clearly but near objects are not in proper focus - esotropia
- misalignment inward of the eye
- exotropic
- misalignment outward of the eye
- bell palsy
-
facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve, associated with herpes virus
self-limiting and usually spontaneously resolve in 3-5 weeks - epilepsies
- chronic and recurring seizure disorders
- partial seizures
- only part of the brain is involved
- general seizure
- entire brain involved
- tonic- clonic seizure
- entire body becomes rigid and uncontrollable jerking takes place.
- status epilepticus
- tonic-clonic seizures follow one after another without an intervening period of recovery