psy 202 midterm 1

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psych is?: mind and behavior
what are the subdisciplines of psychology?: social, cognitive, clinical, developmental, personality, biological/neuroscience, health, industrial/organization, sports, and forensic
Who is the father of modern experimental psychology?: Wilhelm Wundt
What question did structuralism try to answer?: What are the basic mental elements of the mind?
Who is the father of psychology in the U.S?: William James
What is functionalism?: -influenced by Darwin
-focused on functions of our various mental processes
When did psychology bloom?: The 20th century
What is the psychodynamic perspective?: Freud, unconscious mind, ID (pleasure principle), superego (norms), and ego (balance)
What is the behaviorism perspective?: focused only on behavior, or what can be observed.
Who is John Watson?: a behaviorist, classical conditioning
Who is B.F. Skinner?: A behaviorist, operant conditioning
What is the humanist perspective?: -people oriented toward growth
-self-actualized
-therapeutic end of psychology
Who were the 2 main humanist psychologists?: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
What is the cognitive perspective?: -language acquisition
-influential perspective= information processing
What is the neuroscience perspective?: biggest growing perspective within psychology right now
What is science?: an attempt to know, data, authority, research, and skepticism
The scientific method uses...?: attitude and curiousity
Purposes of psychology as a science: describe, predict, and explain.
What are ways to Describe?: case study, survey (self-report or other), naturalistic observation.
What is explanation?: answers question of why, or what was the cause
How does explanation answer question of why?: experimentation with manipulated, measured and controlled variables.
What is difficult about making a sample population?: making sure it is representative, solved by using random samples.
What is generalizing?: taken a sample from a small population and assuming the rest is the same.
How is ethics applied in psychology?: -right use of power
-informed consent
-proper treatment/justice for people and animals
What is motivation?: push toward goal, urge/yearn, or a pull toward goal.
What is need?: a defiency, either physiological or psychological
What is drive?: uncomfortable state, push
What is incentive?: pull towards something that is attractive
What is drive reduction?: maintain balance (homeostasis), set point
Why do we seek out optimal arousal?: -Perform best when at an optimal level.
-want to be at a point where challenges are met by abilities (flow state)
What is sexual motivation?: bio- testosterone levels are predictive of sex drive
social- safety concerns and consequences
evolution- parental investment
In sexual orientation, who is more categorical?: males
In sexual orientation who is more continuous?: females
What are causes of sexual orientation?: -genetice and social factors, more genetice for males.
What are the motivation principles?: sex, sexual orientation, need to belong, intrinsic vs. extrinsic, and approach & avoidance
what is the need to belong?: doing something to be like group, normative influence
What can ostracism cause?: psychological problems, health problems, blames in school shootings.
What is intrinsic motivation?: doing the behavior for the sake of doing behavior.
ex) cleaning room b/c you enjoy cleaning
What is extrinsic motivation?: doing the behavior is a means to an end
Why can extrinsic motivation undermine intrinsic motivation?: you are rewarding someone for something they would do anyway
What is an example of approach and avoidance?: reasons for going to college:
-approach (to achieve a degree)
-avoid (to get away from family/town)
How to we describe emotion?: a response by whole organism. (physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experiences)
What is Affect?: emotion (short response), mood (long without identifiable cause), affective traits (threshold for emotional experience)
What is evolutionary adaptations?: functions as a response to threat or injustice
Who came up with basic emotions in universal expression?: Eckman
What are the basic emotions?: anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, and surprise
How do cultures expressions vary?: -quantity and intensity
-appropriate use
-display rules
Do blind children also express emotions similarly to others?: yes
How do emotions work as a process?: antecedent event--> appraisal process--> physiological and behavior changes-> regulation
What are the parts of regulating emotions?: expressive suppression and reappraisal.
whats clinical psych: the study of psychological disorders
What is personality psych: the study of individuals
what is social psych: how people influence eachother
Who set up the first psych lab in leipzig, Germany?: Wundt
What does introspection mean: researching the mind
who was interested in functionalism?: James
what is the id ego, super ego, and the ego?: Id: pleasure principle, Super: norms, rules and expectations in society, Ego:tries to find median within id and super
what are the two types of conditionings under behaviorism?: Classical: Associating one thing to another
Operational: rewarding for learning (things go up)
who studied classical conditioning?: Pavlov and watson
Who studied operational conditioning?: Skinner
The brain may be thought of as..: a good information processor (relates to cognitive learning)
What is neuroscience?: Ties all types of psych together
missouri is the...: Show me state. "im not going to believe you until you show me evidence"
What is the empirical approach: things we observe...must have evidence
What is a case study and whats it useful for?: Following a single case.
useful for describing an area
Whats a self-report survey and why is it not very reliable?: Person reporting on themselves.
not reliable because person may have social desirability to look better
Describe naturalistic observation: Recording what people do in a natural surrounding (ex/ playground) or setting up a natural surrounding in a lab
what is participant observation: more extreme version of naturalistic observation. putting urself in situation
why is participant observation bad sometimes: may be unconsciously affected (falling under cult etc.)
what is a prediction: how things are related to eachother ...ex/ can we predict behavior based on amount of time playing violent videogames
Within prediction, what is positive correlation?: 2 things moving together....time playing goes up and agression goes up...time playing goes down agression goes down
Within prediction what is negative correlation?: time playing goes up, agression goes down
What can you do to establish if there is a cause between 2 principles?: conduct an experiment
what is the independent variable: what we suspect is doing the causing
dependent variable: ex. following a kid throughout day to see how much he swears
what is a need: a deficiency.
physiological needs: breathing, food, water
psychological needs
drive is related to: push
incentive is related to: pull
who has a higher line of baseline arousal: introverts
who made the hierarchy of needs?: maslow
psysiological >security> long/belonging>esteem>self actualizing
what are some social influences on sexual orientation?: tolerance of community,
authorities,
expectations (dolls vs. trucks)
what is a normative influence: conforming to be liked
whats ostracism?: pushing people out of a group
who studied universal expression: Ekman
unregulate: trying to increase emotions (coach trying to fire up team..i really like this gift!)
What influences what we eat?: external factors such as
sight
smell
cultural preferences
people in cold climates commonly eat...: raw animal fat
icelanders eat raw whale bubbler pickled in whey
inuit eat raw seal fat
people in mexico eat..: cow brains and tongue
How many girls in the united states between the age of 14 and 21 say that they are on a diet?: 70%
How do we evaluate an individuals weight?: Body mass index
Genes appear to be responsible for how much of adult weight?: 70%
Leptin hormone: Leptin hormone suppresses appetite. obese people have mutation on this hormone
genes control the number of...: -fat cells a person has
-they are from childhood an adolescence.
-10% of fat cells die each year, but get replaced
when people diet, they are not decreasing the number of fat cells..but rather...: how much fat each fat cell stores
sexual orgasms cannot occur unless...: the areas on the brain involved in fear and anxiety are shut down
can emotions over ride drives?: Yes. disgust can override hunger (fly on sandwhich)
what are self-conscious emotions?: emotions that occur as a function of how well we live up to our expectations
whats authentic pride: the pride we feel in some sense of accomplishment, like finishing a task
what is hubristic pride?: slightly arrogant version of pride
what are adaptations: emotions that have evolved because they solved a particular problem in our ancestral past
positive emotions widen our..: cognitive perspective

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