Psych Ch 10 -Intelligence, problem solving and creativity
Terms
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- intelligence
- a set of cognitive skills that include abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving and the ability to acquire knowledge
- who developed the first theory of intelligence and what was it?
-
Charlies Spearman
he proposed that human intelligence is best thought of as a single general capacity or ability - which question best illustrates the g-factor theory perspective developed by Spearman?
- "how intelligent are you?"
- multiple-factor theory of intelligence
- idea that intelligence consists of distinct dimensions and is not just a single factor
- what question best illustrates the multiple-factor theory of intelligence perspective?
- "How are you intelligent?"
- Raymond Cattel
- broke intelligence into two parts - fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence
- fluid intelligence
- the ability to think through a problem one has never confronted before and recognize patterns that may lead to a solution
- problems that require finding relationships, understanding implications, and drawing conclusions all require what type of intelligence?
- fluid intelligence
- crystallized intelligence
- the kind of knowledge that one gains from experience and learning, education and practice
- why is fluid intelligence culture free?
- the solutions do not require culturally acquired experiences
- what type of intelligence is influenced by how large your vocabulary is as well as your knowledge of your culture?
- crystallized intelligence
- john carroll
- argued that intelligence consists of three levels arranged in a hierarchy
- what are the three levels of intelligence deemed by John Carroll?
-
General intelligence
Broad Intelligence
Narrow Intelligence - successful intelligence
- according to Sternberg, an integrated set of abilities needed to attain success in life
- what three interrelated but distinct abilities make up successful intelligence?
-
analytic intelligence
creative intelligence
practical intelligence - analytic intelligence
- involves judging, evaluating or comparing and contrasting information
- creative intelligence
- involved in coming up with fresh and useful ideas for solving problems
- practical intelligence
- the ability to solve problems of everyday life efficiently
- Howard Gardner
- argued that intelligence comprises at least eight distinct capacities
- what eight distinct capacities did Gardner argue intelligence was comprised of?
-
linguistic
mathematical-logical
musical
bodily-kinesthetic
spatial
intrapersonal
interpersonal
naturalistic - linguistic intelligence
- ability to learn, understand and use both spoken and written languages
- logical-mathematical intelligence
- ability to analyze information and problems logically and to perform mathematical operations
- musical intelligence
- ability in performing, composing or appreciating musical patterns
- spatial intelligence
- ability to think about and solve problems in three- dimensional space
- who deserves the most credit for developing the first true test of intelligence?
- french scholar, Alfred Biner
- mental age
- the equivalent chronological age a child has reached based on his or her performance on an IQ test
- intelligence ratio
- mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100 to determine an intelligence score
- who introduced the intelligence ratio?
- William Stern
- intelligence quotient or IQ
- the ratio of mental age over chronological age
- what test did David Wechsler create to measure adult intelligence? child intelligence?
-
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales - WAIS
Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children - WISC - who developed the G-factor theory
- spearman
- what describes intelligence as a single general factor made up of specific components?
- g-factor theory
- mental retardation
- significant limitations in the intellectual functioning as well as in everyday adaptive behavior, which start before age 18
- adaptive behavior
- adjustment to and coping with everyday life
- what are the four levels of retardation based on?
- how adaptive the behavior or thinking is on basis of IQ
- what are the four levels of retardation?
-
mild -IQ of 50-70
moderate - IQ of 35-50
severe - IQ of 20-35
profound -IQ below 20 - down syndrome
- a chromosomal disorder characterized by mild to profound mental retardation
- wheat lies at the high end of the intelligence spectrum?
- giftedness
- who are placed in "gifted" programs?
- those with IQ scores of 130-140
- prodigy
- a young person who is extremely gifted and precocious in one area and at least average in intelligence
- savant syndrome
- a very rare condition in which people with serious mental handicaps also show isolated areas of ability or brilliance
- what do african cultures deem to be crucial aspects of intelligence?
- social skills, such as being socially responsible, cooperative, and active in family and social life
- what do asain cultures deem to be crucial aspects of intelligence?
- humility, awareness, doing the right thing, and mindfullness
- convergent thinking problems
- problems that have known solutions and require analytic thinking and crystallized intelligence to come up with the correct answer
- divergent thinking problems
- problems that have no known solutions and require novel solutions
- what type of intelligence do divergent thinking problems require?
- fluid and creative intelligence
- algorithms
- a step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem
- mental set
- a tendency to continue to use problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past, even if better solutions are available
- Eureka insight or insight solutions
- sudden solutions that come to mine in a flash
- thinking outside the box
- approach to problem solving that requires breaking free of self- imposed conceptual constraints and thinking about a problem differently in order to solve it
- fixation
- the inability to break out of a particular mind set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective
- functional fixedness
- mind set in which one is blind to unusual uses of common everyday things or procedures
- creativity
- thinking and or behavior that is both novel -original and useful-adaptive
- who came up with the four stages of creative problem solving?
- Graham Wallas
- four stages of creative problem solving
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preparation
incubation
insight
elaboration-verification - preparation
- discovering and defining the problem and then attempting to solve it
- incubation
- putting the problem aside for a while and working on something else
- insight
- a eureka insight in which the solution comes immediately to mind
- verification-elaboration
- the solution, even if it has the feel of certainty, still needs to be confirmed
- naturalistic
- ability to recognize, classify and understand the plants and animals in ones enviornment