Anthro-3rd Exam
Terms
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Ouranopithecus
(Hominoid) -
Europe
Frontal Sinus like apes/humans
- Toumai
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Ouranopithecus
"Hope of Life"
cranial capacity similar to chimps
ancestor of humans/chimps - evolutionary processes in today
- most likely are a result of working and are present in the past
- Hominid Ancestry
- no evidence of split between hominid and hominoid b/c of environment and conditions of bone/types of bone examined
- Punctuated Equilibirum
- evolutionary changes occur rapidly THEN a long period of stasis (GRAPH)
- Ardipithicus Ramidus
- homiNID ancestor, ethiopia, over 50 examples, forest dweller maybe bipedal
- Australopithecus
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ONLY bipedal, 1st TRUE hominid
6 Groups: Anemensis, Afarensis, Africanus, Aethiopicus, Robustus, Boisei - Anemensis
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Australopithecus
Kenya
earliest dated hominid (4 mya) - Afarensis
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Australopithecus
Ethiopia/ Tanzania
"Lucy"-3-4 mya
homonivores="eat anything"
cranial capacity but no tools!
- Africanus
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australopithecus
southern africa
"gracile"-no robust cranial features
"Taung Baby" - Aethiopicus
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Ethiopia
wide, flat, cheek bones, robust features
"black skull"-manganese deposits
derived features not found in humans - Robustus
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Africa
Heavy Cranial Features(PIC)
larger cranial capacity-wide cheek bones
derived traits-specialty adapted to environment - Boisei
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robust forms found in East Africa
hyper-robust=VERY heavy cranial features
cranial capacity 490 cc
BECOMES EXTINCT - SUMMARY AUSTRALOPITHECINES
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-1st homiNID ancestor.
-3.8-1.5mya in AFRICUUHHHH
-BIPEDAL ONLY-no tools
-Reduced dentition
-some Primitive Traits (from ancestors)
-Derived Traits (changed and unique from ancestor)
- Man-Hunter Hypothesis
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selection for meat-eating people (males go out hunt and bring back food)
bipedalism=beneficial
catch/see prey and predator
intellectual/tool making benefit - Seed-Eating Hypothesis
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eating on hind legs in upright position=change in bones and morphology
ex: babboons - bipedal efficiency
- bipedalism is more efficient and therefore bi-product of efficiency
- Radiator Theory
- blood drains faster from head and cools brain fast standing upright, therefore brain function and development is better
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solar radiation hypothesis
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amount of sun and direction of sun hitting body is less when standing up
standing upright lets more wind hit you and lower body temperature - traversing distance for food hypothesis
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gets you from one forest patch to another patch to fine more food sources
dietary change-bipedalism lets you carry food - LoveJoy Hypothesis
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2 free hands=sharing/carrying food and fighting
MONOGAMOUS pairing off of people
BEHAVIORAL not dietary related
males-pick and decide who to share w/
females- entice most dominant male to acquire more food