psych 201 chapter 10
Terms
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- Intelligence
- a set of cognitive skills that include abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to aquire knowledge.
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Charles Spearman
G-Factor Theory -
-Intelligence as one general ability
-proposed that human intelligence is best thought of as a single general capacity or ability. - Multifactor Theory
- idea that intelligence consists of distinct dimensions and is not just a single factor.
- Raymond Cattell
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Fluid Intelligence
Crystallized intelligence - Fluid Intelligence
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The ability to think through a problem one has never seen before and recognize patterns that may lead to a solution.
-not influenced by culture or vocabulary - Crystallized Intelligence
- the kind of knowledge that one gains from experience and learning, education and practice.
- John Carroll
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Argued that intelligence consists of 3 levels arranged in hierarchy.
- Broad Intelligence
- includes abilities such as fluid and crystallized intelligence, as well as memory, learning, and processing speed.
- Narrow Intelligence
- consists of nearly 70 distinct abilities such as, speed of reasoning and general sequential reasoning for fluid intelligence and reading, spelling, and language comp. for crystallized
- Cattell-Horn-Carroll Model of Intelligence
- 3 Stage model of intelligence
- Sternberg
- focuses on successful intelligence
- successful intelligence
- an integrated set of information processing and cognitive abilities needed for life success.
- 3 abilities that make up success
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1.) Analytic
2.) Creative
3.) Practical Intelligence - analytic intelligence
- involves judging, evaluating, or comparing and contrasting information.
- Creative Intelligence
- involved in coming up with fresh and usefull ideas for solving problems.
- Practical Intelligence
- The ability to solve problems of everyday life efficiently
- Howard Gardner
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Argues that intelligence comprises at least 8 distinct capacities.
-psychologists have a problem w/gardners theory.
-argue his ideas are more theory than science. - 2 problems Gardners Theory Adresses
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1.) different students learn in different ways.
2.) some students who show ability in some areas fail academic subjects and do poorly on IQ tests. - Alfred Binet
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developed the first Intelligence test.
-mental age - Mental Age
- the equivalent chronological age a child has reached based on his or her performance on a IQ test
- Intelligence Ratio(william Stern)
- MA/CA X 100 to determine intelligence
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Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale
(david weschler) - Most frequently administered IQ test in the U.S.
- Old assumptions of IQ tests
- 50 years IQ tests were based on the assumption that intelligence is a single quality
- validity
- requires that the tests really measure intelligence and not something else, and that test scores predict real-world outcomes.
- 2 forms of Validity
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1.) construct
2.) Predictive - Construct Validity
- the degree to which a test measures the concept it claims to measure, such as intelligence.
- Predictive Validity
- Adresses the question of whether the construct is related positively to real-world outcomes, such as school achievement or job success.
- Cultural test bias Hypothesis
- group differences in IQ scores are caused by different cultural and educational backrounds, not by real differences in intelligence.
- Test Bias
- characteristic of a test that produces different outcomes for different groups.
- Test Fairness
- judgement about how test results are applied to different groups based on values and philosophical inclinations.
- Mental Retardation
- significant limitations in intellectual functioning as well as everyday adaptive behavior which start before age 18
- Adaptive Behavior
- adjusting to and coping w/everyday life.
- prodigy
- a young person who is extremely gifted and precocious in one area and atleast average in intelligence.
- savant syndrome
- a very rare condition
- savant syndrome
- a very rare condition in which people with serious mental handicaps also show isolated areas of ability or brilliance.
- Reaction Range
- for a given trait such as IQ, the genetically determined range of responses by an individual to his or her environment.
- convergent thinking problems
- have known solutions, which can be released by narrowing down a set of possible answers
- divergent thinking problems
- problems that have no known solutions
- algorithms
- a step by step procedure or formula for solving a problem
- Mental Set
- a tendency to continue to use problem solving strategies that have worded in the past. even if better solutions are available.
- Insight Solutions
- sudden solutions that come to mind in a flash
- Thinking outside the box
- requires breaking free of self-imposed conceptual constraints and thinking about a problem differently to solve it.
- fixation
- the inability to break out of a particular mindset in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective.
- Functional fixedness
- mind-set in which one is blind to unusual uses of everyday things or procedures
- 4 Stages of creative problem solving ( Graham Wallace)
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1.) preparation
2.) incubation
3.) insight
4.) elaboration verification