Comm 312
Terms
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- Conflict
- An expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference
- Different Types of Conflict Spirals
- Avoidance, Attack/Withdrawal, Reciprocity, Retaliation
- 4 Functions of Conflict
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1. Persuasion
2. Clarify Issues
3. Catharsis
4. Regulate Relationships - Lens Model of Conflict
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1. Communication acts of each partner
2. Meanings attached to those acts by each person
3. The meanings each person ascribes to their relationship - 4 Horsemen of the Apocalypse
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1. Critical Start Up
2. Defensiveness
3. Contempt
4. Stonewalling - Undifferentiated Perspective Taking
- Recognize self and other have different thoughts but confuse the two
- Social Information Perspective Taking
- Recognize different perspectives exist due to different access to information
- Third Party Perspective Taking
- Can step outside 2 person situation and imagine how self and other are viewed from the point of a third party.
- Societal Perspective Taking
- Understands third party perspective taking influences larger societal values
- Self Reflective Perspective Taking
- Can step in another persons shoes and view own thoughts feelings and behaviors from others perspectives
- Conflict Frames
- Culture and Gender
- 4 Types of Goals
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1. Topic (content)
2. Relational
3. Identity (face work)
4. Process - TRIP Stands for?
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Types of Goals in Conflict
Topic, Relational, Identity, Process - TRIP Goals overlap because?
- There may be multiple goals that you may be trying to reach in a conflict.
- Prospective Goals
- Goals identified beforehand
- Transactive Goals
- Goals identified during the conflict
- Retrospective Goals
- Goals identified after the conflict
- Ways to Improve Conflict Goals
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Clarify your Goals
Develop Collaborative Goals - Role of Power in Conflict
- Power refers to a persons ability to influence the behavior thoughts or feelings of another. It is both a source of conflict and affects how we respond to conflict.
- Orientations of Power
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1. Designated
2. Distributive
3. Integrative - Designated Orientation of Power
- Involves giving power to a group or entity. We designate power when we elect officials or create and army.
- Distributive Orientation of Power
- Stresses force or aggression in gaining ones objective over the resistance of another. Focuses on power over or against another.
- Integrative Orientation of Power
- Stresses joining forces with another to achieve mutually acceptable goals. Stresses power with others.
- Principles of Power
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1. Power is ubiquitous (everywhere)
2. Power is interpersonal it is the property of relationships
3. Power is a function of dependencies
4. One who is more dependent on the relationship has less power, control, and influence - Relational Theory of Power
- Your dependence on another is a function of the importance of the goal the other can influence. Power we have is connected to the dependencies others have on us and we have on them.
- The 4 Power Currencies
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1. Resource Control
2. Interpersonal Linkages
3. Communication skills
4. Expertise - RICE Stands for?
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The different power currencies
Resource Control
Interpersonal Linkages
Communication skills
Expertise - What percentage of married couples stay together when they have critical attitudes towards each other? According to Gottman
- Less than 20 percent
- The most efficient way to solicit understanding and cooperation is by
- exposing your own vulnerability
- The effect of the way you start a conversation with your partner
- 96 percent of the time the likelihood that a persons partner will care about how he or she feels depends on the attitude that he or she begins the conversation
- How are relational partners wired to respond to vulnerability
- In relationships where an emotional bond exists, evidence suggests that the brains of those involved are set up to respond to vulnerability with empathy
- Mirror Neuron
- A neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when an animal observes the same action performed by another. Thus, the neuron "mirrors" the behavior of the other.
- Alberts definition of Power
- Power refers to a persons ability to influence the behavior thoughts or feelings of another
- Individualism vs Collectivism
- Individualistic cultures care a lot more about themselves and Collectivist cultures care more about the prosperity of the group vs the individual
- low vs high context
- Low context cultures prefer communication that is explicit and direct and relatively easy to decode while high context cultures communicate such that intention or meaning is conveyed through the communication context and through nonverbals.
- low power distance vs high power distance
- low power distance cultures such as the United States tend to see people as relatively equal and de emphasize status difference while high power distance cultures like Japan emphasize hierarchy social position and status differences.
- Why do people get emotional during conflict?
- People become emotional both because their goals are being interfered with and in response to the other party’s negativity.
- When do people become angry in conflict?
- When their goals are thwarted
- When does hurt occur in conflict?
- When one feels psychologically injured by another person
- When does guilt occur in conflict?
- When one believes that they have hurt or injured someone else. Guilt is the flip side of hurt.
- Emotional Flooding
- When someone becomes highly aroused and disorganized in response to their partners negative statements
- Difference between a tactic and a style?
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Style is a set of patterned responses or clusters of behavior
Tactic is an individual move used to carry out a style - Advantages and Disadvantages of Avoidance
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Advantages of Avoidance
- Time to think
- Good if issue trivial or relationship unimportant
- Minimizes harm
- Minimizes others’ influence
Disadvantages of Avoidance
- Suggests you don’t care
- Allows conflicts to simmer
- Keeps conflicts unresolved
- Can set the stage for an explosion
- Can diminish intimacy
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Competition
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Advantages to Competition
- Allows one to be quick and decisive
- Can generate creative ideas
- Is useful if the goal is more important than relationship
- Is appropriate in some contexts such as sports, court, games
Disadvantages of Competing
- Can lead to escalation
- Can lead to covert behavior
- Creates winners and losers
- Can harm relationships, even destroy them
- Can lead to violence
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Compromise
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Advantages of Compromise
- More time efficient than collaboration reinforces balance of power
- Useful for minor issues
- Reinforces balance of power
- Is a good back-up method
- Appears reasonable
Disadvantages of Compromise
- Can become an easy way out
- Prevents creative new options
- Chance measures, such as flipping a coin, are really a form of avoidance
- Everyone has to give up something
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Accommodation
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Advantages of Accommodation
- Best when one is wrong
- Demonstrates reasonableness
- Useful if issue is important to only one party
- Can prevent one party from harming another
- Prevents overt conflict
Disadvantages of Accommodation
- Can foster an undertone of competition and resentment
- Reduces creative options
- Can result in a pseudo solution
- Can lead to a lack of power
- Can mask problems
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Collaboration
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Advantages of Collaboration
- Generates new ideas
- Shows respect for other party
- Increases commitment to the solution
- Leads to productive solutions
Disadvantages of Collaboration
- Requires an investment of time and energy
- May not be worthwhile for minor issues or unimportant relationships
- More verbally skilled may manipulate the process