IAH 241A exam 1
Terms
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- Worldview
- the study of music in its social and cultural contexts
- Cultural context
- to world view; learned and transmitted
- Social context
- how people divide, arrange or rank selves within culture; social stratification
- Music culture
- a group of people’s total involvement with music
- Inclusive definition of music
- is organized sound (Edgard Varese); Music is humanly organized sound and a form of communication (John Blacking)
- Exclusive definition of music
- music is made of socially acceptable patterns of sound (Paul Fransworth); music is the science or art of incorporating pleasing, expressive or intelligible combinations of vocal or instrumental tones into a composition having structure or continuity (Webster’s)
- Enculturation
- learning and acquiring a culture within a single cultural group (singing holiday songs; recipes)
- acculturation
- acquisition of cultural ideas from one culture group by another culture group; assumes historical contact between groups (regional food customs)
- emic perspective
- organized by people within a culture group (bay odians- Haitian joke and storytelling)
- etic perspective
-
organized by researchers outside native group (kinship models)
- Participants
- performer, audience, spiritual participants, musical instruments
- Feedback
- audience response
- Hierarchical
- arranged by rank, title, or status
- Egalitarian
- more or less social equality
- Cultural performances
- values, beliefs, identities of people on display for insiders and outsiders in some sort of bounded frame
- Public display events
- festivals, scheduled by calendar or season (Christmas)
- Instrument classification
- Western orchestra: winds, brass, percussion, strings; Kpelle (Libera): struch and blown instruments only
- Throat song
- singers sing into each others’ mouths, inhaling and exhaling to produce sound
- Aerophones
- produce sound by setting a column of air in motion
- Chordophones
- produce sound with a stretched string
- Membranophones
- produce sound with a stretched skin
- Idiophones
- sound produced by unaltered material that’s struck, plucked or shaken
- Electronophones
- produce sound with electricity
- Event boundaries
- markers, phases, cues
- Markers
- indicates beginning and ending of music even; moves participants from one reality to another (curtain opening)
- Phases
- scale divisions of an event (acts, intermission, opener, headliner)
- Cues
- signals that coordinate action (visual-lighting, sonic-volume, tactile)
- Calendar time
- Christmas day
- Seasonal time
- summer, winter, fall, spring
- Clock time
- measured in seconds, minutes, and hours
- Social time
- measured by quality of social interaction
- Personal time
- measured individually in social context
- Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
- people from different cultures, who speak different languages, have different ways of conceptualizing the world around them
- Tonal language
-
meaning dependent on vocal inflection (Mandarin/ Cantonese Chinese)
- Kayasa
- Trobriand competition
- Kinesics
- refers to body movement
- Synchrony
- simultaneous occurrence of an action/arrangement
- Dance
- rhythmically patterned body movement
- Non-verbal cues
- gestures and movement with meaning in a context
- Proxemics
- special relations between people and objects (fixed-stage/walls-immobile and unfixed- tables/chairs/instruments-mobile)
- Situational personalities
- combination of factors determine individual’s perception of space (gender, age, social position, height)
- personal distance
- face to face
- intimate distance
- allowed only to a select few
- social distance
- with friends and acquaintances
- public distance
- close phase: sitting in class; far phase: watching a performance
- altered state of consciousness
- sleep, trance, hypnosis, meditation, drug induced (associated with drop in BP, increase in pulse rate, increase in beta-endorphin)
- beta-endorphin
- body’s pain killer
- trance
- soul can: coexist or wither with other spirits; usually happens in specific context; prepared events; learned behavior; explained differently
- possession trance
- condition, especially an ASC, indigenously interpreted in terms of an alien spirit
- Mevlevi Sufis
- Sufi branch of Islam, founder was Mevlana Celaleddin, RUMI, direct connection with God
- Devr
- “rotation†or whirling dance
- Mevlana Celadeddin Rumi
- founder of Mevlvi Sufis
- Allah
- God
- Sema
- chanting to a state of ecstasy
- Dhikr
- chanting the names of God (collective/individual chanting, breathing as a chant)
- Nay
- flute
- Naat
- prayer/hymn; part of Mevlevic ceremony
- Taksim
- improvisation; part of Mevlevic ceremony
- Peshrev
- signal to dance; dance moves counterclockwise; part of Mevlevic ceremony
- Folk speech
- non-standard, variable aspects of language; learned and performed face-to-face; conveys both info and style
- “standard†language
- cultural construct
- Linguistic
- vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation
- Paralinguistic
- tone, volume, speed
- Kinesic
- facial expression and gestures
- Dialect
- variety of language that differs in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation
- Register
- ways of speaking in a particular group
- Jargon
- specialized terminology used to communicate within a group as shorthand; used to distinguish group from the outside (ex: bowling- “finding the pocketâ€)
- Taboo words
- words to express extreme emotion or condition; curses; excrement; combination of the two
- Glossolalia
- speaking in tongues
- Ritual language
- used in religious contexts
- Bilingualism
- when person speaks more than one language
- Code switching
- moving from one language to another in same conversation