chapter 1 micro study
Terms
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- general size of bacteria
- 3.0mcm
- do protozoa normally cause harm?
- no
- protozoa are normally found in what kind of conditions (environments)
- aquatic
- if a microbes can live or even thrives in extreme heat condition such as a hot spring. what are there classified as?
- extreme thermophiles
- what are the groups of microbes
- o Bacteria, algae, protozoa, fungi, viruses, and the helm
- what classifies Archaea
- these are normally found in high temperatures and high salt concentrations.
- what is the singular for bacteria
- bacterium
- Unbiquitous means what
- virtually found everywhere (bacteria are virtually found everywhere)
- if a microbe is found or even thrives in very high salt environmnts such as the great salt lake what are they classified as
- extreme halophiles
- - Human eye can only perceive the smallest length (how many mcm)
- 30mcm
- bacteria is plural or singular
- plural
- which microbe lacks tissue differentation
- Fungi
- can mushrooms use photosynthesis
- no
- mushrooms are said to gets their food from dead organic matter. what is this calles
- saprophytic
- - molds have long branching filaments know as
- hyphae
- Viruses do not have a cellular entity true or false
- true
- viruse are made up of DNA and RNA (yes or no)
- no. they can only have one of these, but not both
- viruses are an obligate intracellular parasites. what does this mean
- they must be present inside the host cells in order to live. if virus is found outside of cell then it is called being inert (not a living state)
- heleminths can be seen by the naked eye (yes or no)
- yes
- alga (singular or plural)
- singular
- photoplankton (made of which microbe)
- aglae
- mycology
- the study of fungi that includes molds and yeast
- phycology
- the study of algae
- parasitology is the study of what?
- it is the study of parasitic protozoa, worms, and arthropods.
- medical micobiology focuses on how diseases are ____
- prevented,transmitted, diagnosed and treated
- who was the father of virology
- dimitri iwanoski ( he was doing work with tobacco plants and filtered the tobacco and was still getting this disease. he clained that what was causing the disease to the plants was smaller than bacteria. he orig inally called them "filterable viruses". later the adjective filterable was dropped.
- what is the goal of industrial micorbiology
- it is an area of microbiology that is commercially directed at using microbes to generate products that are useful and valuable to humans. things such as acetone, butanol, vinegar, alcohols, organic acids, enzymes, and medical, and pharmaceutical products such as antibiotics, vaccines, vitamins, interferons, steroids, insulin, and human hormones
- environmental microbiology
- a broad area of microbiology which concerns itself with the role of microorganism in the environment and public health.
- what is the term used for the breakdown of substances by microbial action
- biodegradation
- what is the process by which bacteria degrade harmful, toxic substaces into nontoxic products is referred to as?
- bioremediation
- the use of living organism for beneficial practical application from a cell such as a ation is called____
- biotechnology
- what is recombinant DNA
- this is when a gene such as a human or animal is introduced into a microbial cell such as a bacterium, yeast, or virus which then becomes a bilogical manufactureer of a specific product.
- - Anton van leeuwenhoek
- known for making glass lenses powerful enough to observe and describe microbes.
- what is the name of the microbe which has been recombinated
- genetically engineered microorganisms(GEMs)
- what is gene therapy
- certain viurses have been used as vectors to carry functional genes in to those cells which have genes that are defective or missing. a gene is inserted into a harmles virus which has a specific target host cell. the viruses gene in then released inside target cell and then incorporated in cel's DNA.
- - Animalcules
- this is what leeuwenhoek called microbes
- - John Neeham
- Reported experiments that seemed to prove that bacteria arouse spontaneously where no living organism had been before. Using boiled broth in flasks and used tightly corked flask. He examined in intervals and found more microbes. He said that the microbes that showed after boiling aroused spontaneously.
- vitalism
- - The belief of the existence of a vegetative force that was necessary to confer life upon the non-living ingredients of the liquid
- - Lazzao Spallanzani-
- did the same as Needham, but with modifications. Instead of a cork he used virtually an “air tight†apparatus. He had no growth of microbes.
- - Schwann
- he showed that microbes could pass in air be heating a curved flask and heating on part and showed that no microbes came in, but when not heated, the air had microbes showed in the broth.
- - Schroeder and on Dusch
- used cotton ball to filter air and show that microbes passed by air.
- - Louis Pasteur
- showed microbes especially present in dusty areas. This proved disproved spontaneous generation. ALSO...he known for proving that fermentation was indeed caused by microbes. He did an experiment that involved a French wine company and heated wine to 145 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 min. this process is called Pasteurization.
- - John Tyndall
- disproved spontaneous generation, but discovered spores and the need to use intermitted sterilization or incubation to get rid of the spores
- - Germ theory of Fermentation
- microorganisms are able to cause specific changes in their fermentation substrates.
- roger bacon and Fracastorius helped paved the way for the "germ theory" (true of false)
- both stated that disease were caused by something that couldn't be seen. Fracastorius said the "germs" were transmitted by contact or in the air
- Germ theory of disease was founded by who?
- Louis Pasteur- he helped with a disease called pebrine which discovered infected silkwork that caused the disease
- - Koch postulates
- o The suspected organism causing the illness must be found in all cases of the disease and absent in health individuals. o The suspected organism must be isolated from the diseased animal and grown in pure culture. o When the pure culture is inoculated into a susceptible animal, is must reproduce the disease. o The suspected organism must be re-isolated from the artificially-infected animal
- - What are the major groups of the microbial pathogen
- o Bacteria o Viruses o Fungi o Protozoa o Helminthes
- - Bacteria are unicellular, bicellular, or acellular (which?
- unicellular
- - Viruses these are acellular structure (true or false)
- true
- - What are dimorphic fungi
- these can grow as molds or yeast (depending on temperature)
- - The cyst stage of protozoa are dormant or actively feeding and multiplying
- dormant
- - Trophozoite is the stage of the protozoa that is dormant or active
- active
- - Mastigophora
- protozoa that move by flagella (disease examples would be African sleeping sickness, giardiasis, and trichomoniasis)
- - Sarcodina
- contain amebas and use an amoeboid motion( diseased amebic dysentery)
- - Ciliophora cause what disease
- cause dysentery
- - Sporozoa
- have no movement( cause malaria)