Biology!!
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- 3 features that make science different from other human activities
- 1. only has to do with the natural world 2.scientistcs organize information carefully//orderly and look for patterns 3.scientists use explanations that can be tested
- the difference between qualitative and quantitative observations
- qualitative: characteristics/descriptions quantitative: #s and measurements
- 2 ways a hypothesis can be tested
- 1. performing controlled expirements 2. gathering more info
- observation
- using senses to gather info in a careful and organized way
- biology
- study of living things
- 3 qualities that are desirable in a scientist
- 1. open-minded 2. skeptical 3. ask questions
- what was the hypothesis of spontaneous generation
- that some life is born from nonliving matter
- manipulated variable ex. from Redi's experiment
- a variable that is diliberatly changed. guaze or cover
- responding variable ex. from Redi's experiment
- what happens or the ending result whether maggots appear or not
- what did Redi conclude
- flies make the maggots after all
- what did Needham conclude
- that microorganismz appear from nonliving things (he was wrong)
- what did Spallanzani conclude
- that microorganisms came from the air, the gravy was not what produced them
- what was Pasteur's research impact on science and peoples lives
- now people 'pasteurize' milk, saved wine&silk industries
- why should experiments be able to be repeated
- so if mistakes happen, they can be corrected next time
- why should scientists record and publish their experiments and results
- so that others can try to correct them and so that information isn't lost
- 8 charcteristics of living things
- 1. reproduce 2. are made up of cells 3. maintain homeostasis 4. change over time 5. are based on universal genetic code 6. grow and develope 7. obtain and use materials and energy 8. respond to environment
- difference bewteen unicellular and multicellular organisms
- uni: single celled multi: many celled (animals and plants)
- metabolism
- combo of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out life processes
- photosynthesis
- where light helps carbon dioxide and water are converted into oxygen and glucose
- biosphere
- contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists (including land, water and air)
- ecosystem
- living community and it's nonliving surroundings
- population
- groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
- organism
- individual lving thing
- group of cells
- tissues, organs, and organ systems
- cells
- smallest functional unit of life
- molecules
- groups of atoms; smallest unit of chemical compounds
- isotope
- atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons, identified by mass #
- covalent bond
- strong, electrons are shared
- ionic bond
- electrons are transfered, strongest
- hydrogen bond
- when one part of the molecule is positive and the other negative and they attract, weak
- difference between cohesion and adhesion
- cohesion: same substances adhesion: different substances
- what does pH measure
- relative number of hydrogen ions
- buffer
- weak acids or bases that react with strong ones to prevent changes in pH
- why can carbon form many different macromolecules
- -can form 4 bonds at once -can bond with any atom (including itself)
- atoms that make up carbohydrates
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
- 5 uses of lipids
- 1. store energy 2. waterproof covering 3. insulate heat 4. chemical messengers 5.cell membranes
- 2 molecules in lipids
- 1. glycerol 2. fatty acids
- function of nucleic acid
- heredity
- monomer of nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
- nucleic acid: nucleotides proteins: amino acids carbohydrates: monosaccharides lipids: fatty acids
- 4 functions of proteins
- 1. control/regulate rate of cell processes (enzymes) 2. muscle and bone (structural components) 3. transport substances in and out of cells (carrier proteins) 4. fight disease (antibiotics)
- chemical reaction
- process that changes & transforms one set of chemicals into another
- activation energy
- energy needed to make a chemical reaction
- enzymes (& why are they important to living things)
- proteins that act as biological catalysts (they speed up chemical reactions)
- ecology
- study of interactions among organisms//organismsand their environment
- species
- a group of organisms so similar to one another that they breed and produce fertile offspring
- community
- assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area
- why ecologists make models
- smaller, so easier to study
- trophic level
- each step of the food chain
- portion of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next
- 10%
- decomposer
- heterotroph that breaks down organic matter
- how do matter and energy flow through an ecosystem
- energy: one way flow matter: recycled
- transpiration
- water is evaporated from plants
- 4 large areas where carbon is found
- 1. rock 2. organisms 3. atmosphere 4. ocean
- respiration
- process that releases carbon into atmosphere
- human activity
- process that removes carbon from the land
- nitrogen fixation
- process where certain bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia or nitrate
- why do living things need nitrogen
- they are required to make amino acids (protein)
- why are bacteria important in the nitrgen cycle
- nitrogen fixation and denitrification
- why is the phosphorous cycle vital for living things
- forms DNA and RNA (life sustaining molecules)
- 4 places phosphorous is stored
- 1. rock/sediment 2. ocean 3. living things 4. minerals
- how can a nutrient be a limiting factor in an ecosystem
- if there isn't enough, ecosystem could take longer to grow or might not
- biotic factor vs. abiotic factor
- biotic: organisms abiotic: nonliving and physical
- niche
- full range of physical and biological conditions in which an orgaism lives and the way in which the orgaism uses those conditions, determined by how an organism reacts to abiotic and biotic factors
- symbiosis
- relationship where 2 species live closely together
- exponetial vs. logistic growth
- exponential: occurs when individuals reproduces at a constant rate logistic: occurs when population growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth
- condition needed for exponential growth of a population
- unlimited resources
- 6 conditions that cause logistic growth
- 1. resources less available 2. competition 3. parasitism 4. human interactions 5. predation 6. climate change
- limiting factor
- factor that causes population decrease
- density independent vs. density dependent
- independent: always affect population dependent: become factors only when population density reaches certain level
- 3 parts of cell theory
- 1. all living things are made of cells 2. cells only come from other cells 3. the basic structure and function of all living things is cells
- why are electron microscopes able to see better than light microscopes
- because electron wavelengths are shorter than light wavelengths
- nucleus
- controls cell processes and holds heredity info
- nucleolus
- inside nucleus, makes ribosomes
- ribosomes
- produce proteins
- endoplasmic reticulum
- where lipid components of membrane and proteins, and other materials assemble
- Glogi apparatus
- packages proteins for storage or exportation out of the cell
- lysosomes
- digest lipids, carbohydrates, proteins into small molecules, break down organelles that don't work anymore
- vacuole
- used to store water and nutrients
- mitochondria
- turn energy into compounds that are useful to the cell
- chloroplast
- photosynthesis
- cytoskeleton
- helps maintain shape and involves movement
- cell wall
- maintains structure and helps organism have large things on it
- diffusion
- when particles move from an area where they are more concentracted to a place where thy are less
- equilibrium
- when the concentration is the same throughtout the system
- impermeable vs. selectively permeable
- impermeable: nothing can get through selectivly: some can get throguh, some can't
- facilitated diffusion
- when the cell membrane helps the diffusion across the membrane
- how can a cell store small amounts of energy when it has energy available
- by adding a phosphate to ADP
- 2 ways cells use energy from ATP
- 1. synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids 2. responses to chemical signals at the cells surface
- where do cells get energy to regenerate ATP
- food
- what occurs during photosynthesis
- plants use energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and sugars
- how does light effect a chlorophll molecule
- the energy is transferred to electrons in the chlorophll raising their energy levels
- relationship between chlorophyll and the color of plants
- green reflects off of the plants because of the pigment in the chlorophyll
- chlorophyll a
- principle pigment of plants
- 2 colors chlorophyll aborbs very well
- 1. red 2. blue
- where do light-dependent reactions take place
- on the thylakoid membrane
- why is it important for photosystems to be located on a membrane
- they are in a row so things can be done efficently and quickly
- where does photosystem 2 get the electron it needs
- water
- how does ATP synthase produce ATP
- in binds the last phosphate to ADP because the hydrogen protons diffuse through the ATP synthase
- where does the Calvin cycle take place
- stroma
- what energy does the Calvin cycle use
- ATP and NADPH
- why is the Calvin cycle called a cycle
- RuBP is recycled
- 3 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
- 1. temperature 2. amount of light 3. shortage of water
- inference
- what the observation implies
- solution
- where compenents are evenly distributed (disolved)
- catalase
- substances that speed up chemical reactions
- competative exclusion
- no 2 species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at one time
- carrying capasity
- amount of resources in the area that support that amount of life
- centrioles
- organize cell division
- isotonic solution
- where the same amount of the solute is concentrated everywhere
- hypertonic vs. hypotonic
- hyper: above strength hypo: below strength