Ron Wright Test 2
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- Declaration of Independence
- July 4, 1776 Life as States, not colonies Written by Thomas Jefferson
- Thomas Paine
- Biggest loser ever, wrote "Common Sense"
- "Common Sense"
- Written in 1776, it rallied people for the war and American independence
- Paine's literature "Common Sense" did what for George III's image
- Paine attacked the king directly for the states' mistreatment (his statue was melted into bullets)
- What was Washington's battle tactic usually?
- Survive to fight another day! Cut and run through uncivilized land to escape
- Ship of the Line - Britain
- Britain had 150 of them, 50 guns on each, and used them to control the US coast
- Could continental Congress tax?
- NO, paper money was worthless, used as toilet paper
- Why were the armies in Philadelphia and New York starving?
- crops sold to British for gold
- British Forces: Regulars, "Hessians," and Loyalists
- Reg-common soldiers (indians), Hess-1/3 of Brit army (mercenaries), Loy-"tories" 20% of americans
- American Forces: Continentals, state militias, "Patriots"
- cont-trained to fight like regulars (1/7 Af Am), state-very undisciplined,Patri- 40% of colonists
- William Franklin
- illegitimate son of B.Franklin, loyal to the king
- Fence-sitters
- Sunshine Patriots, 40% of colonists
- Northern Campaigns
- "Turning Point" Saratoga
- Southern Campaigns
- Yorktown, Howe takes um to NJ, left little militia pockets, WA takes Trenton on Dec 25, huge victory
- 1777
- Superstitious "tories" thought this was their year
- John Bergoyne 1777
- Under Lord Howe, wants to Separate New England from the colonies
- Howe 1777
- wanted to sail to Philadelphia to attack there, succeeds, beds Loring for a while
- Germain 1777
- Wanted to separate New England from colonies AND attack Philadelphia
- Saratoga!
- Burgoyne leads S, Iroquois leading, pillaging, they ditch before arrival, and he meets up w/ Horatio Gates (colonial militia) and surrenders. Am. think they can win now
- 1778 Treaty w/ France
- Recognizes the colonies as independent, France sent army and naval forces, France declares war on Britain
- Henry Clinton
- took over for Howe
- Henry Hamilton & Nickname
- pays Western chiefs for taken prisoners and scalps, the "Hair Buyer"
- Washington's reaction to the "Hair Buyer"
- 4k of his best fighters sent to annihilate the Iroquois
- Lord Cornwallis
- went to Savanna, Georgia w/ 8k soldiers, and captured Charleston in 1780
- Camden
- Cornwallis vs Horatio Gates, Gates ran while the battle was lost
- Nathaniel Greene and nickname
- Rhode Island "Fighting Quaker," best field commander in Am. Revolution, disowned by his family
- S. Carolina did what for Nathaniel Greene?
- Bought him the Mulberry Plantation after his family disowned him
- Battle of the Capes
- Lasted all day, 45 ships, only 1 sunk. Graves-Brit. Naval Commander who retreated from Cornwallis P/U
- LaFayette
- got command of French and American forces at age 21
- DeGrasse
- Cut off Cornwallis sea retreat before the Battle of the Capes
- Battle on a hill
- Am and Fr barrage w/ artillery, battery commander destroying his own house where Cornwallis was
- 1783 Treaty of Paris
- Independence, Land from Appalachian to Mississippi given, NO canadian independence
- Feb 1782, Parliament of Britain...
- Cut the money supply for the fight w/ the colonies
- Articles of Confederation
- First Constitution, less ntn'l gv't is better
- Popular Sovereignty
- People gave power to the states which gave power to the ntn'l gv't
- Northwest Ordinance
- 60,000 "white men" -> statehood, slavery banned, 5k men own 50+ acres -> territory
- NW Ordinance Failure
- Foreign occupation of Western territories
- Shay's rebellion
- lower gun taxes
- 1787 Constitution
- Fed Gv't power shared, and had taxation, separation of powers/checks and balances
- Great Compromise
- debate lg vs. sml states
- Virginia Plan
- representation in congress is equal to the state population
- NJ plan
- representation in congress is equal to state population
- House of reps led by...
- people
- Senate led by...
- "elites"
- Ammendment Process
- 3/4's of state legislatures' vote
- The constitution of 1787 was ratified by ___ of 13 states
- 9
- Virginia and NY wanted ___ in the constitution
- spelled out protection of liberties
- "The Bill of Rights"
- 10th- reserved powers to states and people
- Rhode Island ratifies constitution in 1790 under threat of being...
- a separate country
- 1st president and his political party
- George Washington, NO party
- Washington put together a group of advisers now know as
- the cabinet
- Department of War run by
- Henry Knox
- T/F In 1790 the Gv't created the department of education
- NOT, it was done in the 1900's
- T/F By 1800 we're the most powerful country
- NOT, we're super poor
- Department of State went to...
- Thomas Jefferson
- Department of Treasury went to...
- Alexander Hamilton, richest man, born in poverty, he's on the $10
- Factionalism
- Leads to civil war, and has brought down every republic known
- Washington's Factionalism solution
- consensus on several levels leading to national-would never work, but leads to political parties
- Hamilton's Gv't desires
- Stronger ntn'l, wanted an oligarchy, broad constitution interpretation, high taxes
- Jefferson's Gv't desires
- Weak Ntn'l gv't, strict interpretation, low taxes, state rights
- Whiskey Rebellion caused by
- Whiskey Tax!
- Whiskey Rebellion led by
- W PA farmers
- Whiskey Rebellion
- farmers wouldn't pay taxes so Washington fed-ized 10,000 armed militia and was going to march
- DEMOCRAT Republicans, formed by, newspaper, also known as
- Jefferson, and James Madison, National Gazette, Jefferstonian
- Federalist party, formed by
- Hamilton, and John Adams
- 1776 American Revolution
- Government Revamp
- French Revolution
- Overthrow for a republic, no titles or status, economy collapsed, counter-revolutionaries jailed
- 1792 became what year in the french revolution?
- yr 1, no basis on Christ's birth
- Guillotine
- the equalizer of classes, no hanging or axemen
- Party's opinions on French Revolution
- Fed Opposed, DR for
- French Revolutionary War causes war btwn france and...
- ALL of Europe
- What caused England to start seizing Am ships in the Caribbean?
- French opened sugar islands for trade during Rev.
- Neutral Rights
- can trade w/ nations at war, "freedom of Seas"
- England backs indians to attack frontier during French Revolution, we retaliate w/
- Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne-goes to Fallen Timbers and massacres indians->peace treaty and retreat
- John Jay
- went to neg. w/ British to get out, respect Neutral rights, pay for our property, and open trade --- ha ha yea right
- John Jay's negotiations result in only
- Britain pulling forces from the West
- Spain gets nervous about our Treaties and..
- came about w/ Pinckney's Treaty
- Pinckney's Treaty
- Changed Border, Peace Agreement w/ Spain, Americans get New Orleans
- 2nd President
- John Adams, Federalist
- The French start raiding our ships on the seas b/c of...
- Treaty w/ Britain
- B/c the french start taking our ships, we...
- rescind treaty w/ france, and federalists spend money to increase the army and create a real navy
- Navy was to be composed of...
- 23 frigates, each had 44 guns
- Congress built what to protect against sea invasion?
- Forts at port cities
- Undeclared Naval War
- US has no ships, pres instituted privateers for the US to capture merchants in Cuba
- Election "Revolution" of 1800
- Jefferson won, peaceful transfer of power occurred between parties
- 3rd President
- Jefferson, DR
- Jeffersonian Philosophy
- Gv't should be limited and people get left alone
- Jefferson did what during his presidency
- reduced the gv't, lowered taxes, reduced army and navy (Mosquito Fleet)
- Mosquito Fleet
- composed of Jefferson Gun Boats, 125 of them, 1 gun on each
- Zevelon Pike
- goes to map rivers through Spanish land, gets caught, and almost killed
- Lewis & Clark
- hoped to find a passage through rocky mountains W
- Sacagawea
- wanted to visit mom across the mountains, for protection, she'll show Lewis and Clark the way
- The Napoleonic Wars
- Napoleon becomes "the I" took the crown from the pope, wanted to create a US of Europe-this means war
- Embargo Act, cause, what it was, effect
- England and France began attacking us again, we boycotted, the economy went into a deep depression
- 4th President
- James Madison, DR
- James Madison
- More of a follower than a leader, his wife Dolley had more backbone
- John C. Calhoun
- Philosopher of the South
- Daniel Webster
- Great Orator - NE
- Henry Clay
- Great Compromiser - W
- War of 1812 fought to...
- defend Neutral rights, fight "impressment", for War hawks that wanted canada
- War of 1812
- 5 frigates attacked british commerce and won all of 12 battles, Mosquito fleet descimated
- Napoleonic War's End
- 500,000 men march to moscow in dead winter, only 10,000 survive
- End of Napoleon war causes britain to request
- a peace treaty, no apology, keep impressment, no fishing rights, canada gets head of mississippi, and country for the indians
- Battle of Bladensburg
- Massive retreat, Madison takes off, Dolley saves valuables
- 1814 Brit attack on DC
- Hurricane hit where the british were
- Star Spangled Banner
- written by francis scott key while Fort McHenry defended baltimore
- Battle of New Orleans
- 42nd batta"lions" led by Packenham "sheep", Mowed down by andrew jackson's Tenn Volunteers
- Ghent Treaty
- status quo ante bellum (as it was before)
- Effects of Ghent Treaty
- US got respect, we got Florida, Adams-Onis Treaty $5mil for FL