Skeletal System Unit

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the skeltal sustem includes the _____, the______, the ______, the ______, and the ______: the bones, the joints, the tendons, the cartilage, and the ligaments
What are the major divisions of the skeletal system: axial=core, appendicular=arms and legs
What is the function of the tendon: connecting muscles to bones
what is the function of a ligament: to connect bone to bone
What is a sprain: a stretch or tear to a ligament
What is a 1st degree sprain?: a stretch
What is a 2nd degree sprain?: part tear
What is a 3rd degree sprain?: ripped all the way through
What are the 5 main functions of the skeletal system?: Hemopoiesis, storage of minerals, support the body, protect the organs, movement
Hemopoeisis forms what type of cell other than blood cell?: stem cell
the stem cells give rise to what?: most of the other cells in the body
where are the primary areas of blood cell formation (hemopoeisis)?: femur, humerus, base of skull, spinal column, and sternum
What are the 3 main shapes of bones (and give examples): long (femur), flat (scapula), and irregular (vertebrae)
what is the periosteum?: a thin layer on the surface of bones; nourishes (by supplying w/ nutrients via blood vessels it contains) and protects
What is the epiphysis (end): end of bone that articulates (forms joint) w/ another bone
The epiphysis is commposed mainly of?: spongy bone
The diaphysis is composed mainly of what? Which allows it to do what?: Compact bone; gives it strength
The ______ covers the surface of the epiphysis to line and protect the articulation region: Hyaline cartilage
What is the purpose of the medullary cavity?: It holds the bone marrow, which forms the stem cell, which are crucial for growth, development, and differentiation of tissues
What is another word for epiphyseal plates?: Metaphysis
What will happen if an epiphyseal plate is damaged before it ossifies?: Growth in that bone may cease or become uneven (breaks in young bones are therefore very important)
What are the three main types of bone cells: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes
What is the function of the osteoblasts?: to build up bone, cannot divide w/ mitosis
What is the function of the osteoclasts?: eat done or break down cone, break done outer bone to repair and maintain it
What are osteocytes?: mature osteoblasts surrounded by minerals
What hormone does estrogen inhibit?: parathyroid hormone, PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone
why do women have a higher chance of getting osteoporosis?: They go through menopause, estrogen levels decrease, and the effects of PTH are uninhibited. Osteoclasts break down bone.
How do floating ribs differ from true ribs: they dont attach to the sternum
What is hemopoiesis: the formation of blood cells/stem cells
Why are stem cells important: they give rise to most of the other cells in the body
What are th two major divissions of the skeleton: axial, appendicular
Thouroughly discuss the importance of, and evolution of the human hand: The human hand is the most versatile part of the body; considered an organ. Oncer humans started walking upright, they began to reach out and touch things. The opposable thumb allowed this
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?: 80
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?: 126
Give examples of the 5 main functions of the skeletal system:: Hemopoiesis: makes blood cells Structure/support: Femur supports body weight Movement:bones attach to muscle to move bone storage of minerals: calcium, phosphorus Protection: ribs protect the heart
Contrast osteoblasts with osteoclasts and ostecytes: osteoblasts build bone, osteoclasts eat (degrade) bone, and osteocytes are mature osteoblasts
What part of bone is living? Nonliving?: cells; minerals
How many total vertebrae are there?: 24
What are the three divisions of the vertebrae: cervical, lumbar, thoracic
How many vertebrae are in the cervical part?: 7
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar part?: 5
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic part?: 12
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?: It is a build up of fluid in the wrist between the ligaments, tendons, and bone. Causes pain and swelling.
How do you treat carpal tunnel syndrome?: Rest, anti-inflammantory drugs, surgery, and braces
What are unusual about the saccrum and the coccyx: They are as a result of the fusion of 5 vertebrae
How does the foot differ in composition from the hand: It is more muscular and stable so it can support more weight. Also, thumb/big toe is less moveable for less tripping
What joint is found in the thumb: Saddle joint
Where is the most common site of back injury?: 5th lumbar vertebrae
What is the strongest bone in the body?: Femur
What is the strongest bone in the face: mandible
how is cartilage similar to bone?: It turns into bone and is somewhat rigid
How is cartilage different from bone: it contains more water so is more flexible
How does the fetal skeleton differ from the adult?: It is smaller, mostly cartilage, still growing, has fontanels (suture)
What is arthritis? What happens in th disease?: Arthritis the most common joint disorder. It causes pain and inflammation of the joints
define/describe: sprain: the stretch or tear of a ligament
define/describe: flat feet/ fallen arches: when ligament that hold the tarsals of the foot become weak; pain, and unability to walk
define/describe: osteoporosis: when bone becomes porous due to loss of calcium
define/describe: slipped/herniated disk: when a disk between two vertebrae bulges out and presses against the nerves-very painful
define/describe: dislocation: when a bone comes out of its join (ball/socket)
define/describe: bone spur: a shaggy edge/growth/protrusion on the bone, painful
How do the male and female pelvises differ?: The female pelvis is broad, rounded, shallower, and wider. The male pelvis is thicker, bulkier, narrow, and funnel shaped
How can high heels cause problems for the skeletal system?: They can weaken the ligaments and disrupt the arch, which causes flat feet
List three age changes seen in the skelton: bones lose calcium, bone resorption, and bone spurs
How does bone respond to stress/weight bearing excercise?: It responds positively by getting stronger
Why is cartilage so slow to heal?: b/c it doesnt get a direct blood flow
What is an articulation: a joint, a place where two bones join together, sometimes moveable
How are joints classified: based on function and composition
What are the three main types of joints: cartilaginous, fibrous, and synovial
The bones are attahced by fibrous connective tissue in this type of joint: fibrous
the bones are connected by cartilage reinforced by fibrous tissue in this type of joint: cartilaginous
The ________joint is surrounded by a fibrous capsule interlaced w/ ligaments and tendons: synovial
What is scoliosis?: An abnormal curvature of the spine that occurs during rapid growth periods
What 5 substances are required for proper bone formation and the absorption of calcium?: B12, C, A, D, hormones
What are cartilage cells called?: chondrocytes
What does endochondral mean?: bones that develop from masses of hyaline cartilage
How many bones are in the skeletal susytem: 206
The axial skeleton consists of the ____, the_____, and the______: skull, ribs, and vertebrae
The Appendicular skeleton consist of the _____(arms,legs, etc.), the _____, the _____, and the ____: appendiges, shoulders, hips, and limbs
What is the #1 work-related injury in america: back injury
Why is the vertebral column imporrtant: because it protects te spinal chord
Scoliosis is more common in?: girls
The______region includes the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae: The thoracic region
The thoracic region is also known as?: the chest region
How many pairs of ribs are there: 12
______ribs attach only to spine: floating
True ribs attach to sternum by______: cartilage
What is the top pelvis called? Middle? Bottom?: Ileum/ilium, ischium, the pubis (pubic bone)
What are 4 common causes of flat feet?: heredity, posture, overuse, higheels
The technical term for losing bone as we age: bone resorption
ossification is what?: bone building
why are bone fractures more serious in older people: b/c the inactivity can lead to pneumonia, blood clots, etc.
Bone spurs are due to what?: osteoblast/osteoclast action not balancing
When can osteoporosis begin in femals: 50s
list 5 risk factors for getting osteoporosis: smoking, low calcium diets, drinking alcohol, having a small body frame, being asian or caucasian (others; over excercise, herdity)
when is most bone laid down: in the teen years, which is why it is so important to have good habits now! E.g eat foods w/ calcium
What is the relation between estrogen, body fat, and calcium?: if a woman looses too much body fat, she will stop producing estrogen. this will cause calcium to be pulled from the bones and result in a higher likeleness of fractures, ets.
Where is calcium absorbed from: the GI tract
When does bone destruction (_______) exceed bone formation in women?: resorption, around 35
What effect does inactivity have on the bones: weakens them
What is a fracture: a break in a bone
what is another word for a blood clot: a hematoma
What happens in a fracture?: blood escapes from the torn vessels and forms a clot. Swelling and inflamation also occur due to fluid ruching to the site and the release of inflamantory chemicals
in a fracture, osteoblasts fill the ______ and divide to build ______bone: hematoma; spongy
Where does most bone in the body come from?: cartilage
Eventually, cartilage fills the gaps between the ends of the broken bone. this is replaces later by bone and called a ______: bony callus
What is involved in the smoothing of bones: osteoclasts
Give an example for each type of joint: Fibrous-suture Cartilaginous- between ribs and sternum Synovial joints-hinge joint
give 4 examples of wher cartilage is found: nose, ear, between the ribs, and between joints
what are lacunae: house the osteocytes
what do osteocytes do?: transort nutrients and wastes to and from nearby cells by means of cellular processes passing through canaliculi
___gives bone its strength and resilience: collagen
________make bone hard and resistant to crushing: inorganic salts
list 4 factors that influence bone development, growth and repair: nutrition, exposure to sunlight, hormonal secretions, and physical excercise
In children the disease in which you lack vitamin D (and are unable to absorb calcium) is called? in adults?: rickets; osteomalacia
Give 3 places Vitamin D is gotten for the body: Eggs, Milk, dehydrocholestoral
Vitamin A is required for____ and ____activity during development. W/o it what could happen?: osteoblast, osteoclast; w/o it could retard bone development
Vitamin C is required for what?: collagen synthesis
What is the name for the lack of parathyroid hormone: pituitary dwarfism
What is the name for the excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone: pituitary gigantism
Define rheumatoid arthritis: an autoimmune disorder (the immune system attacks the body's healthy tissues
Rheumatoid arthritis is the most___and _____form of srthritis: painful and debilitating
What specifically happens to the joints in RA?: the synovial membrane becomes infalmmed, thickens and forms a mass called a pannus.
What happens to the articular cartilage in RA: in gets damaged, fibrous tissue infiltrates, may not be able to move again
what symptoms accompany RA: fatigue, muscular atrophy, anemia, osteoporosis, changes in skin, eye, ear, lungs, blood vessels, heart
Lyme disease is a ______ infection passed in a _____ bite: bacterial; tick
How do you treat lyme disease: anti biotics to prevent arthrits
The initial symptoms of lyme disease are:: rash, fatigue, and flu-like aches and pains
How do osteocytes pass nutrients: by means of cellular processes passing through canaliculi
What is another word for the mass that forms on the joint in RA: pannus

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