Bio Mid Term
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- Absorbance Values are measured in...
- ODU
- Best Fit Line Formula
- Y=MX+B
- X Axis
- Independent Variable
- Y Axis
- Dependent Variable
- Steps in Using a Spectrophotometer
- 1. check & set wavelength 2.blank it: zero transmittance w/ left knob. have control in cuvette. place cuvette in holder. turn % transmittance to 100%
- Visible Light Range
- 380nm to 750nm
- Absorbance is ______ related to concentration
- linearly
- concentration
- = (ml dye * concentration stock)/ total vol
- Types of pipettes
- mohr, serological, volumeric
- Cells, tissues and organs are composed mostly of
- water and macromolecules
- Mammalian liver consists mostly of
- soft parenchyma cells
- Monomer of proteins
- Amino Acids
- homogenate
- a mixture consisting of the molecules that have a uniform composition
- Methods of separating biological molecules
- solubility, chemical affinity, molecular weight, size or structural associations in a cell.
- Method used to dissolve a solute
- add heat
- method used to precipitate a solute
- remove heat
- ______ is used to aggregate proteins out of liver
- (NH4)2SO4 (Sodium Sulfate)
- Stirring the contents after the addition of sodium sulfate will
- precipitate the proteins by breaking up any remaining bonds
- Used to test for proteins
- Biuret Solution
- Biruet reagent will react with
- the peptide bonds in proteins
- It is important to use _______ when working with bacteria to prevent contamination
- aseptic techniques
- Growth and survival of microorganisms depend on
- an adequate supply of nutrients and a favorable growth environment
- Culture Medium
- a solution with a low molecular weight that is derived from the enzymatic degradation of complex nutrients; used for their growth and survival
- Types of culture mediums
- broth (liquid), semi-solid or solid (agar)
- Agar is extracted from
- Seaweed
- colony
- population of bacteria
- Selective Media
- used to inhibit the growth of some kinds of bacteria and increase the growth of others
- Maconkey’s Medium
- bile salts and dies, is very restrictive- prevents growth of staph and strep. Allows Ecoli and shigella to grow.
- why can Ecoli grow in an environment w/ bile salts?
- it has evolved in the conditions of the human gut (bile salts are secreted into the intestine to aid in fat digestion)
- when counting colonies look for
- convex, opaque and solid
- Bacteria replicate
- asexually through binary fission
- Bacteria growth ________ when temperature is increased
- increases
- why are spices commonly used in foods in tropical climates
- prevents bacteria from easily growing on food, they also provide high amounts of essential vitamins, increase bile flow and stimulate digestion
- Spices can inhibit
- the oxidation of low density of lipoproteins – prevents development of atherosclerosis
- Negative Control
- tomato without Ecoli or spice
- Positive Control
- tomato with Ecoli and NO spice
- Experimental
- tomato, Ecoli and spice
- Living cells are surrounded by
- a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer
- Concentration gradient
- concentration decreases from a hypertonic enviornment to a hypotonic enviornment
- diffusion
- passive movement (no energy is used) of molecules across a membrane
- Fundamental Principle of diffusion
- the net movement of substances occurs from regions of high concentration (hypertonic) to low concentration (hypotonic)
- active transport
- ATP is converted into ADP to move molecules across a membrane and against the concentration gradient
- Isotonic Equilibrium
- Hypertonic vs Hypotonic. if molecules of solute cant move across membrane, solution will in order to create an equilibrium
- Albustix Strips
- sensitive to the presence of proteins and are used in urinanalysis. Strip will turn green in the presence of proteins.
- Silver Nitrate
- can be used to test for chloride. The silver nitrate and the chloride ion will react and form a white precipitate.
- Barium Chloride
- solution reacts with sulfate to form a white precipitate.
- I2KI
- changes to blue-black in the presence of starch