1st Soc Test
Terms
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- Folkways
- norms based on customs, manners, etiquette, or tradition
- Mores
- norms that are based on broad social morals that are agreed upon by the dominant society
- Laws
- Codified (written down) rules.
- Norms
- Behavior rules that guide people to certain behaviors that are expected by society.
- Deviance
- The violation of social norms & the social reaction to that violation
- Ascribed Deviant Status
- ⬢ Deviant Status that is acquired from birth (something you are born with)
- Achieved Deviant Status
- ⬢ Getting the deviant label because of something you have done. ⬢ Ex. Cheating, tattoo, murder⬦
- ABCs of deviance 3
- Attitudinal deviance behavioral Conditional
- Attitudinal Deviance
- ⬢ A person acquires a deviant label based on a certain attitude that a person has. Ex. Racism
- Behavioral Deviance
- ⬢ A deviant status acquired by something you actually do. Ex. Crime
- Conditional Deviance
- (Can be ascribed or achieved) ⬢ Has been acquired because of something that you are or some kind of long or short term condition you have. ⬢ Ex. Ethnicity, sexuality, AIDS, tattoos, burn victims
- 6 propositions of deviance
- 1. Deviance is contextual 2. Deviance is a social construction 3. Deviance is determined by the defining and reacting process 4. Deviance is a matter of degree 5. Deviance is partially created by social conflict and change 6. The deviant is not always a numerical minority or criminal.
- 3 theoretical perspectives on why people deviate
- 1. Structural Perspective 2. Cultural Perspective 3. Interactionist Perspective
- Structural Perspective
- People deviate because of the frustration that they feel from not being able to attain cultural goals through normative means.
- Cultural Perspective
- - People deviate because they follow their own cultural norms and goals which happen to conflict with those of the larger society.
- Interactionist Perspective
- People deviate because they learn the methods and meanings from significant others
- Merton's 5 ways of dealing with goals and means
- Conformity innovation ritualism retreatism rebellion
- conformity
- a. Somebody who internalizes the cultural goal of wanting money and also internalizes (believes in) the legitimate/normative means to get there. i. Ex. Get education/good job, work hard, invest money, exercise, eat healthy
- innovation
- a. Somebody who internalizes the cultural goal of wanting something (money, a good physique), but don’t internalize the legitimate/normative way of getting there. i.Ex. Some who is a burglar, stripper
- ritualism
- a. Somebody who is unable to meet the ideal cultural goal of wealth. SO⬦.they scale down the cultural goal of society (ex. Wealth). In this way it is easier to obtain. They have abandoned the goal and accepted the more watered down goal. They are rule followers.
- retreatism
- a. Someone who rejects the cultural goals and the legitimate means to achieve them. Tend to not really be a part of society, outcasts. Very rare i. Hermits – people completely secluded.
- rebellion
- a. Someone who rejects the cultural goals of society because they see them arbitrary. Specifically, rebels are upset with B.O.S. They want to break down the roadblocks. Ex. Reformers, activists
- 3 theories on why deviance exists in society
- Absolutist Relativist Social-Power
- Absolutist
- a. Deviance is not dependent on the context, but it is a stable and unchanging feature of society.
- Relativist
- a. Deviance depends on the context and is the result of social labeling.
- Social-Power Perspective
- a. Deviance comes from conflict and it is created by those with social power.
- 7 stages to becoming labeled deviant
- 1. Publicly Identified 2. People start to think differently about the deviant 3. Exclusion from non deviant people and normal groups 4. Become included into deviant groups 5. The person develops a spoiled identity 6. More people begin to treat you as deviant 7. The person starts to regard themselves as deviant.
- Retrospective Reinterpretation
- When society reinterprets someone’s past in light of their new deviant status or label
- Courtesy Stigma
- 1. That is when a person gets a label or a stigma despite the fact that they don’t have the qualifying trait.
- Master Status
- is some characteristic of a person that overrides all other features of the person’s identity.
- Spoiled Identity
- a. This means that the deviant receives a damaged reputation/stigma i. Ex. High school slut, thief, cheater (all spoiled identities)
- Looking Glass Self (3 steps)
- 1. Imagine ourselves from other people's perspectives 2. Make and evaluation based on our imagination 3. Develop and emotion about ourselves.
- 7 problems with studying deviance
- 1. honesty 2. hawthorn effect 3. generalized ability 4. legal implications 5. danger to researcher 6. judgmentalism 7. Gaining Entree
- hawthorn effect
- people may act differently when they know they are being observed.
- Generalized ability
- the sample may not be representative of the entire group.
- 3 kinds of norm
- Folkways Mores Laws
- structural strain theory
- a. The idea that a person deviates because of the frustration a person feels because they do not have the same access to the cultural rewards, goals, and values that we are all socialized to strive for.
- meritocracy
- The idea that in American society that if you work hard, you should be rewarded by being able to obtain the cultural resources.
- blocked opportunity structure
- a. A roadblock that prevents some people from obtaining the cultural goals through normative means based on social structure position.
- subculture
- a group of people whose norms and values are somewhat different from those of the dominant culture. Ex. bikers, mormons
- Lower Class Culture Theory
- People in different social classes are taught different norms and values. Lower class individuals do not always gain the same knowledge that upper class people do
- Counterculture
- A type of subculture that are in direct conflict against the dominant society. ⬢ Ex. KKK, punk rockers, gothic, emo, Amish
- Differential Associational Theory
- i. Deviance is learned through significant others. Focuses on: contacts, techniques, meanings.
- Objective Social Facts
- Unchanging features of society
- Social Sanctions
- Mechanisms of social control that enforce norms
- vii. Moral Enterprise Campaign
- Process by which deviant labels become constructed. Deviant labels get started because somebody starts and uproar (campaign) to make some behavior/act deviant
- Moral Entreprenuer
- A person that starts and uproar (campaign) to make some behavior/act deviant.
- viii. Crusading Reformers
- A type of moral entrepreneur, but they have a more religious/holy type of slant to their claims.
- Auxiliary Traits
- i. These are the traits that people associate with our master status ii. Often times, whether its true or not people assume deviants have certain negative characteristics based on the master status. *Stereotypes 1. Ex. Heroin addict → poor, homeless, thin, frail, immoral. All common but not necessarily true.
- self-concept
- The totality of an individual’s thoughts and feelings about themselves as an object.