polsci 140
Terms
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- effective party
- number of parties that control or recieve the majority if not all of the votes
- what do parties do?
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1. socialize and recruit leaders
2. create excitement for regime
3. aggregate interests
4. create interests for the social group - elections...
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1. create civic involvement and disseminate information
2. build legitimacy
3. build support
4. choose representatives - parlimentary systems (+/-)
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+ efficient
+ clear lines of responsibility
- divided cabinet -> tagedy of the commons/collective action problem
- unstable
- few protections for minorities - presidential systems (+/-)
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+ provide checks on legislative power
+ are responsible to people and discipline legislature
+ fixed term/popularly elected
- not efficient
- no clear lines of responsibility
- monopoly on power over policy
-recruitment of the inexperienced
- hard to make comprehensive policies - democracy and growth rates
-
1.protection of property
2.inhibits immediate consumption
3.inhibits autonomy of dictators - majoritarian (westminster)
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1.parlimentary
2.holds government accountable
+ efficient, clear responsibility and accountability, pluralist
-non-independent bank, unstable, less opinions, corruptable - consensus (proportional)
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1. presidential
2. people can say they have representation
+stable, hard to corrupt, independent banks, good for minorities, checks on power
-not efficient, hard to hold accountable, extremsim, intransitivity - legislature/executive (5)
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1.type of government
2.executive/legislative relations
3.party system
4.electoral system
5.interest articulation - federal/ unitary (5)
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1.bicameralism
2.judicial review
3.centralization
4.constitutionalism
5.central bank independence - district magnitude
- number of seats a district holds
- primortial vs instrumental view
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primorital-parties represent interests
instrumental-people use parties to gain power in office - iron law of oligarchy
- leaders develop different views then their party as they develop views that will keep them in power
- the mechanical effect
- how votes translate into seats in the legislature...SMDP favors large parties
- duverger's law
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SMDP: single member district plurailty (2 parties)
Proportional representation: multiple parties - motivation of leaders
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office seeking: want to gain and maintain power
policy seeking: want to achieve a specific policy platform - selectorate
- the amount of people in a society that could possibly select the leader
- winning coalition
- the participants of the selectorate whose support is needed for the leader to gain and maintain power
- public good
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1. non-excludable
2. joint in supply (as more use it, its amount doesn't diminish) - private benefits
- gifts, money, power given to the leader's individual supporters
- winning coalition size...
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-big w, or big w/s ratio leads to the leader grating public goods
-small w, or small w/s ratio leads to the leader granting private benefits to supporters - loyalty norm
- when the w is small, and the s is big, the members of the w could be easily replaced so they stay very loyal in order to retain their private benefits...leaders can buy support cheaply
- head of government vs. head of state
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1.head of government: runs political system
2.head of state: ceremonial figure
-infused in presidential - presidential vs parlimentary
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-presidential: encourages antagonism and mutual independence
-parlimentary: encourages reconciliation and mutual dependence - least minimal winning coalition
- coalition such that the surplus is smallest or non-existant (CDU and Greens)
- grand coalition vs minority coalition
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-grand coalition: largest surplus
-minority coalition: negative surplus - minimal connected winning coalition
- coalition with small surplus and that is next to one another on a policy continum (CDU, FDP)...most likely cabinet
- delegate vs. agent
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-delegate: choose policy based exactly on what electoral district would do
-agent:take authority and turn it into responsibility, and make best decision for district - instrumental voting
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care about outcome and think their vote counts
-paradox of participation -> a lot vote so individuals dont matter-> no one sould vote->therefore an individual's vote matters a lot - expressive voting
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care about outcome and want people to know it
-said that this is how parties formed - consumptive voting
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-its an event
-civic duty
-its the right thing to do
-ritual with benefits unrelated to the outcome - defensive voting
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-coerced into voting
-avoiding punishment
-compulsory voting (australia and soviet union) - coefficient
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slope
a 1 unit change in x leads to a ? change in y - standard error
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measure of confidence in the coefficient
(2x SE > coefficient, the coefficient is significant) - linear additive vs multiplicitive interaction
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linear: y = mx+ b
multiplicitive:
y = mx + mx +m(x X x)+b
(use when context matters)