mcat biology chapter 11 endocrine system kaplan
Terms
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- endocrine syst acts as a?
- mean of intern communc
- endocrine glands synth and secr?
- hormones
- endocrine gl secr into?
- circulatory system
- exocrine glands like gall bladder secr into?
- ducts, not circul syst
- name endocrine glands
- hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thryoid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovary, testis
- pituitary gland is located
- at base of brain
-
pituitary
2 main lobes? - anterior and posterior
- pituitary has how many lobes?
-
3.
intermed lobe is rudimentary - anterior pituitary synth what 2 general types of hormones
-
1. direct hormones
2. tropic hormones - tropic hormones?
- stim other endocrine glands to release hormones
- hormon secr of anterior pit are regul by?
- hypothalalmic secretions called releasing/ inhib hormones
- growth hormone is made by
- anterior pit
- growth hormone is also called?
- GH, somatotropin
-
Growth hormone is a
direct or tropic hormone - direct hormone
- GH does what?
- promotes bone and muscle growth, inhib uptake of gluc by cert cells, stim breakdown of fatty acid, conser gluc
- what hormone stim bone and muslce growth, and stim breakdown of fatty acid?
- growth hormone, somatotropin
- GH secret is stimul by?
- hypothalamic releasing hormone GHRH
- GH secr is inhib by?
- somatostatin
- GH secret is under hypothal contr, and what oth contr?
- neural and metabolic
- Dwarfism arises from?
- GH defic
- overprod of GH prod?
- gigantism
- overprod of GH in adults causes?
- gigantism
- gigantism is caused by?
- overprod of GH
- GIGantism is charact by?
- disproport growth of skull, jaw, feet, and hands
- anterior pituitary prod what direct hormones?
-
1. gr horm
2. prolactin
3. endorphins -
anter pit
prolactin does what? - stim milk prod and secr in femal mammary glands
-
anter pit
direct hormones
endorphins do what? - inhib the percp of pain
- enkephalins are ?
- endorphins
- tropic hormones of anterior pit are?
-
1. acth
2. TSH
3. LH
4. FSH - FLAT PEG
-
six hormones of ant pit
fsh
ls
acth
tsh
prolact
endorph
gh -
ant pit
tropic horm
Adenocorticotropic hormone ACTH does what - stim the adren cortex to synt and secrete glucocorticoids. regulated by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
- ACTH stim adrenal cortex to secrete?
- glucocorticoids
- ACTH is regul by
- CRF
- CRF is
- corticotropin releasing factor
-
ant pit
thyroid stimul hormone does what - stim thyroid gland to absorb iodine and syn thyroid hormone. regulated by TRH
-
anter pit
TSH stim thyroid gland to absorb? - iodine
- TSH is regulated by?
- TRH
- where is TSH released from?
- anter pit
-
anter pit
luteinizing hormone LH does what? - stim ovulat and format of copus luteum in women, in men- stim interst c of testes to syn test.
- LH is regul by?
- estrogen, progest, gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH
- post pit stores what hormones
- oxytocin and ADH
- oxytocin and adh are made by ____________ and stored in _______________
-
made by hypothalamus
stored by post pit - post pit is stim to rel hormones by?
- act potent from hypothalamus
- oxytocin does what?
- incr str of uterine muscle contr. stim milk secret
- suckling induces what hormone?
- oxytocin
-
post pit
antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) does what? - incre the permeability of nephron's collect ducts to water, prom water eabsorption and incre bl volume
- ADH is also called?
- vasopressin, antidiuretic hormone
- ADH does what to bl vol?
- incr blood volume
- when bl vol decre post pit secre what?
- adh
- if plasma osmolarity incr what post pit hormone is relesased?
- adh
- osmorecept in hypothalamus sense?
- plasma osmolarity
- hypothalamus have ______________ that sense plasma osmolarity
- osmoreceptors
- barorecept in circulatory syst can sense?
- changes in blood volume
- which hormone incre the permeability of nephrons collect duct to water and prom water reabsorp?
- adh
- hypothalamus is part of the ________________
- forebrain
- hypothalamus is locat above?
- pit gland
- hypoth neurosecret c regulate pit gland secretions thr?
-
1. negat feedb
2. inhib and rele hormones -
hypothalamus
have releasing horm that secret into? - hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal systm
- hypothalamic - hypophyseal portal syst has how many capillary beds?
- 2
- what conn the 2 capill beds in hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?
- a portal vein
- hypothalamus interacts with _____________ thr a portal vein
- ant pit
- oversect of hormones is prev by?
- negative feedback
- hypothal has neurosecr c that synth and transp ________________ via their axons to post pit
- oxytocin and adh
- how does oxytoc and adh get from hypoth to post pit?
- by the axons of neurosc c
-
throid gland
describe -
bi lobed
loc on ventral surf of trachea - throid gland prod?
- thyroxine, triidothyronine, and calcitonin
- who make calcitonin?
- thyroid gland
- who makes thryoxine?
- thyroid gland
- T4 and T3 are made by?
- thyroid
- T4 and T3 are derived from?
- iodination of aa tyrosine
- Thyroid hormones T4 T3 are necess for?
- gr and neurol dev in children
- thyroid hormones do what?
-
neur and gr in child
incre rate of cell resp, prot and fatty acid synth - high levels of thyroid hormone inhibit?
- trh and tsh secre
- iodine defec causes?
- hypothyroidism
- hypothyroidism common sympt are?
- slowed heart rate and resp rate, fatigue, cold intole, and weight gain
- cretinism in infants is caused by?
- hypothyroidism
-
cretinism
symp - mental retard, and sh stature
- thyroid is overstim in what condition?
- hyperthyroidism
- goiter is?
- an enlarged thyroid
- calciTONIN tones down?
- Ca2+
- PTH increases?
- Ca2+ concentr
- PTH act antagonist to ?
- calcitonin
- calcitonin acts antagonist to ?
- PTH
-
Thyroid
calcitonin does what? - descr plasma Ca2+ concentr
- calc inhibits the release of ?
- ca2+ from bone
- calcitonin is made by the?
- thyroid
- parathyroid gl are located?
- on post surf of thyroid. 4 small pea shaped struct
- PTH , __________, and _______________ regul plasma CA2+ levels.
- calcitonin, and vitamin D
- PTH ___________ Ca2+ levels
- increases
- PTH decreases?
- Ca2+ excretion in kidneys
- PTH converts ______________ into its active form
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin D stim ____________________
- intestinal calcium absorption
- PTH is the
- parathyroid hormone
- calcium plays import roles in?
-
1. bone
2. reg of muscle contr
3. cofact for normal bl clott
4. cell movem
5. exocytosis
6. neurotransmitter release - where are adrenal glands located?
- on top of the kidneys
- adrenal glands are made up of?
-
adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla -
adrenal cortex
makes what steroid hormones in resp to stress? - glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and cortical sex hormones
-
adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids are also called? - corticosteroids
- adrenal cortex is stim by ?
- ACTH
- adrenal cortex is stim by ACTH in resp to ?
- stress
-
adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids
name 2 - cortisol, cortisone
-
glucocorticoids
cortisol and cortisone do what? -
raise bl gluc lev by promot gluconeogenesis and decr prot synth
red immulogic and inflamm resp - what 2 hormones raise bl gluc lev by promot gluconeogenesis?
- cortisol, cortisone
-
adrenal cortex
mineralcorticoids regulated bl levels of? - sodium and potassium
- who makes aldosterone?
- adrenal cortex
-
adrenal cortex
aldosterone causes? - act reab of sodium and pass reabsorpt of water in the nephron
- aldosteron secr does what to bl vol and bl press?
- incre bl vol and bl press
- what hormone regul plasma lev of sodium and potassium?
- aldosterone
- aldoster stim secretion of?
- potassium and hydrogen ion and excret in urin
- renin- angiotensisn syst regul what hormone?
- aldosterone
- blood volume falls, what happens in renin- angiotensin system?
- bl vol falls, juxtglom c prod renin, renin conv angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. angiotensin I is conv to angiotensin II, angiotens II stim adren cortex to secr aldosterone, aldost rest bl vol by incre sodium reabb at kidney, this leads to incre water reabsorpt
- what prod renin?
- juxtaglomerular c of kidney
- what does renin do?
- its an enzyme that conv antiotensinogen to angiotensin I
- angiotensinogen is a __________ protein
- plasma
- angiotensisn II stimulates?
- adrenal cort to secr alsosterone
- angiotensis II does what 2 things?
-
1. stim secr of aldosterone
2. incre bl press by a vasoconstrictive effect - angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors do what?
- block conv of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
- ACE inhibitors are used to treat?
- high bl press and CHF
- which inhibitor blockes the convers of angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
- ACE inhibitor
-
adrenal cortex
secretes what male sex hormone? - androgens.
-
adrenal cortex
overprod of androgens in females
what symptoms? -
excess facial hair,
mascul effectsw -
adrenal medulla
have sympathetic _____________ - nerve c
-
adrenal medulla
sympath nerve c secrete hormones into? - circul systm
- adrenal med prod?
- epinephrine, norepinephrine
- other name for epinephrine and norepinephrine?
- adrenaline, noradrenaline
- name 2 catecholamines?
- epinephrine, norepinephrine
- catecholamines are derived from?
- aa
-
adrenal medulla
epinephrine does what? -
incre conv of glycogen into glucose in liver and muscle tiss
incre metabolic rate
incre rate and str of h beat
dilate bl vess to skel mus - what 2 hormones decr bl flow to kidneys, skin, and digest tract?
- epinephr, norep
- Fight or flight response is med by what 2 hormones?
- epinephr and norephr
- epinephr and norepineph are hormones and _______________
- neurotransm
- pancreas is an exocrine and ?
- endocrine organ
-
pancreas
exoocrine prod are? - digest enzymes that trav thr ducts
-
pancreas
endocr funct is done by? - islets of langerhans
-
pancreas
islets of langerhans is composed of? - alpha, beta, and delta c
-
pancreas
islets of langerhans
alpha c make? - glucagon
-
pancreas
beta c make? - insulin
-
pancreas
delta c prod ? - somastostatin
- in pancreas who makes somatostatin>?
- delta c
- glucagon is made where?
- pancreas in the alpha c
- what are exocrine prod of pancreas?
-
amylase
lipase
trypsin, chymotrypsin, carobxypeptidase -
pancreas
glucagon stimulates -
prot and fat degrad. convers of glycogen to gluc and gluconeogenesis.
it incre bl gluc levels - glucagon secret is stimul by?
- decr in bl gluc and gastrointentestinal hormones like CCK and gastrin
- glucagon is antagonistic to ?
- insulin
- CCK and gastrin stimulate the secret of which hormone?
- glucagon
- high plasma glucose levels inhibit what pancreatic hormone?
- glucagon
- insulin _________________ plasma glucose
- decreases
- glucagon ______________ plasma glucose
- increases
- insulin is what type of hormone?
- protein
- Insulin stimulates
- uptake of gluc by muslce and adipose tiss, stor of gluc as glycogen in muscle and liver c.
-
t or f
gluc stim the synth of fats - true
- insulin stim the ____________ of fats
- synthesis
- growth hormone, glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and glucagon all?
- increase plasma glucose
- name 4 hormones that incr plasma gluc?
-
1. glucagon
2. growth hormone
3. glucocorticoids
4. epinephrine - hypoglycemia is caused by?
- overprod of insulin
- making too much insulin causes?
- hypoglycemia
- diabetes mellitus happens when you have?
- underprod of ins or insensitiv to insulin
-
diabetes mellitus
you will have hypo or hyper glycemia? - hyperglycemia
- high bl gluc level leads to secret of?
- gluc and water
-
diabetes mellitus
sympt -
1. hyperglycemia
2. secret of gluc and water
3. weakness, fatigue
4. ketoacidosis - ketoacidosis is?
- danger lowering of bl ph due to excess keto acids and fatty acids in the plasma
-
pacreas
somatostatin leads to decr? - insulin and glucagon secret
- what stimul secret of somatostatin?
-
1. high bl gluc lev
2. high AA levels - secre of somatostatin leads to ?
- decre insul and glucagon secretion
-
T or F
somatostatin is regulated by CCK and GH levels - T
- somatostatin is made in?
- pancreas
- somatostatin is always ________________
- inhibitory
- the _______________ c of the testes prod and secrete androgens
- interstitial
- what do the interstitial c of testes make?
- androgens
- testosteron is a type of
- androgen
- testosteron is regulated by a negat feedback loop involv?
- FSH and LH
- testicular feminization is due to?
- insensitiv to test
- XY, but looks like a female is due to?
- testicular feminization
- ______________ in the testes make testosteron
- interstitial cells
- ovaries secr what hormones?
- estrogens, progesterone
- secret of estr and progesterone is regulated by?
- LH and FSH, which are regulated by GnRH
- estr and progest is ultimately regulated by?
- GnRH
- estrog and progesterone are ___________ hormones
- steroid
- estrogen stim ?
- devel of female reprod tract, and devel of sec sex charact, and sex drive, and thick of endometrium
- who secretes estrogen?
- ovarian follicles and corpus luteum
- progesterone is secre by?
- corpus luteum
- progesterone stim devel of?
- endometrial walls
- 4 parts of menstrual cycle?
-
1. follicular phase
2. ovulation
3. luteal phase
4. menstruation -
menstrual cycle
follicular phase ________ act tog to promote devel of several ovarian follicles - FSH, and LH
-
Follicular phase
later half rising levels of ___________ stimulate GnRh secretion, which stimulates more LH secretion - estrogen
-
follicular phase
FSH and LH promote devl of ovar follicles which begin to secr ______________ - estrogen
-
ovulation
is caused by ? - a surge in LH
-
ovulation
the surge in LH is caused by? - a peak in estrogen levels
- _______ surge at midcycle triggers ovul
- LH
- _____________ mature during follicular phase (FSH, LH)
- follicles
- the ruptured follicle bec ___________
- corpus luteum
- corpus luteum secretes?
- estrog and progest
- corpus luteum secr estr and progest to ?
- build up uterine lining
-
luteal phase
LH induces ruptured follicle to dev into? - corpus luteum
- _______ causes glands of endometrium to mature and prod secret to prepare it for implantat of an embryo
- progesterone
- what are essent for maint of endometrium?
- progest and estrog
- what inhibits secret of GnRH during luteal phase?
- progesterone and estrog
-
luteal phase
the inhib of GnRH prev? - maturat of addit follicles
-
menstruation
if corpus luteum is not fertil what happens? - the corpus luteum atrophies
- when corpus luteum atrophies what happens?
- there is a drop in progesterone and estrogen
- Drop in progest and estrog lev causes _____________ to slough off
- endometrium
-
menstruation.
progest and estrog levels decline and _________ is no longer inhibited - GnRH
-
menstruation
GnRH restimulates? - LH and FSH secret
- if fertiliz doesnt occur, corpus luteum atrophies, ______________ lev decre, and __________ then begin to rise again
-
progest and estrog lev decr,
LH and FSH lev begin to rise -
pregnancy
corpus lut is preserved by? - human chorionic gonadotropin
- who makes HCG?
- blastocyst and devel placenta
-
first trimester
HCG maintains progest and estrog secret by the ___________ - corp luteum
-
preg
first trim
who secret progest and estrog? - corp luteum
-
preg
sec trimest
HCG levels? - decline
-
preg
sec trim
who starts secre lots of progest and estrog? - placenta
- the placenta secr high levels of progest and estrog inhibit?
- GnRH secretion.
- as placenta secre high lev of progest and estrog, inhib GnRH secret. what is prevented?
- FSH and LH secret
- menopause is a result of ?
- prog decl in funct of ovaries
- during menopause less _____________ is prod
- estrogen
- pineal gland secretes?
- melatonin
- who secretes melatonin?
- pineal gland
- melatonin plays a role in?
- circadian rhythms
- melatonin secret is regulated by?
- light and dark cycles in envir
- name 3 import gastrointest hormones?
-
1. gastrin
2. secretin
3. CCK - Kidney hormones?
-
1. renin- regul aldost secre
2. erthropoietin- resp to decr renal oxyg lev and stim bone marrow to prod rbc - erthyopoietin does what?
- its secr by kidney in resp to decr renal oxy level and stim bone marrow to prod rbc
-
Kidney
REnin- is involv in regul of ? - aldosterone secretion
- heart releases what hormones?
- atrial natriuretic hormone
- atrial natriuretic hormone is made by?
- the heart
- atrial natriuretic hormone reg?
- salt and water bal
- THymus is located?
- front of neck region
- thymus secre?
- thymosin dur childhood
- thymus regul ____________ dev and different
- t lymphocyte
- _______________ atrophies by adulthood
- thymus
- what are 3 chem struct of hormones?
-
1. pept horm
2. steroid
3. aa derived - what is 2 ways horm affect target c?
-
1. extracell recep
2. intracell recept -
peptide hormones
are synthes as? - large polypeptides
- after peptide polypeptide is cut into sm units where is it taken?
- the golgi apparatus
- pept hormones act as ________________ meesengers
- first
- pept horm----- bind to spec recept------ ???
- convers of ATP to cAMP
- ATP to cAMP by what enzyme?
- adenylate cyclase
- cyclic AMP acts as _______________ messenger
- second
- cAMP relays messages from _____________ to?
- extracell pept hormone to cytoplasm enzymes
- cAMP is causes a _____________ effect?
- cascade
- in a cascade eff, in each step the horm?
- the effects of the hormones are amplified