mcat biology chapter 10 homeostasis kaplan
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- homeostasis is
- proc of mak a stable environm
- osmoregulation
- main of water and sol balance
- excretion
- remov of metab waste prod
- list homeost mech
-
1. osmoregulat
2. exrecr
3. regulat of bl gluc lev
4. thermoregulat - what are primary homeost organs?
-
1. kidneys
2. liver
3. large intest
4. skin - kidneys locat?
- beind stom and liver
- units of kidneys?
- nephrons
- 2 reg of kidney?
- cortex, medulla, pelvis
- renal artery ---- arterioles------ ???
- glomerulus
- glomerulus is a ?
- network of capillaries
- glomerulus converges into?
- afferent arteriole
- glomer----- effer arteriole----- ???
- vsa recta
- glomerulus----- effer arteriole---- vasa recta---- enmeshes nephron tubule--- ??
- renal vein
- afferent arteriole in kidney becomes the?
- vasa recta
-
kidneys
2 capill beds is a ____________ system - portal
- nephron is made up of?
-
bowmans capsule
prox conv tubule
desc limb
loop of henle
ascend limb
dist conv tubule
collect duct -
kidney
loop of henle runs thr - medulla
-
kidney
convol tubules and bowmans capsule are in? - cortex
- cortex --- ?? ----- pelvis
- medulla
- bl plasma flows from glomerulus into the?
- bowman's capsule
- filtrate is?
- the fluid and small solutes entering nephron
- filtrate is isotonic w?
- bl plasma
- glomerulus keeps out?
- bl c and albumin
- nephron secretes
- acids, bases, ions into the filtrate
- what subst are reabsorbed in nephr?
-
glucose
salkts
aa
water - urine is hypertonic to?
- blood
- walls of prox tubule and desc limb are permeable to?
- water
- walls of lower ascending limb are permeable only to?
- salt
- adh makes the walls of collect duct?
- permeable to water and urea, but only slightly perm to salt
- what parts of nephron are perm to water?
- walls of prox tubule and desc limb of loop of henle
- what hormone makes the walls of collect duct perm to water and urea?
- ADH
- osmolarity incre as you go from ?
- cortex to medulla
- what solutes contr to osmol grad?
- urea and salt (NaCl)
- in prox convul tubule what are reabsorbed?
- gluc, aa, other imp organ molec
- Na+ is reabsorbed in prox convul tubule, _________ follow passively
- water and cl-
- as filtrate flows down desc limb of into renal medulla what flows out?
- water
-
t or f
water flows out of ascend limb of loop of henle - f
-
in collect dut
water reablsorption is under contr of what hormone? - ADH
- what 2 hormones regul water reabsorp?
- aldosterone and adh
-
kidney
aldost stim ? - reabsorp of Na+. this incre water reabsorpt
- which hormone stim reabsorpt of Na+ from collect duct and leads to incre in bl press?
- aldosterone
- addisons disease. what hormone isnt made?
- aldosterone
-
kidney
addisons disease causes? -
oversecret of urin with high na+ concentr
drop in bl press - what dis causes overscr of urin with high na+ concentrat?
- addisons disease
- what regulates aldosterone secret?
- renin-angiotensin
- ADH IS ALSO CALLED
- VASOPRESSIN
-
T or F
ADH is an antidiuretic - t
- ADH acts directly on?
- collect duct, increases its permeability to water
- what hormone acts direct on collect duct and increases its permeabl to water?
- ADH
- high solute concentr in blood causes secret of?
- ADH
- alcohol and carreine inhib?
- ADH secret
- ADH secret is inhib by what ingested substances?
- alcohol and caffeine
- alcohol and ____________ inhibit ADH secret
- carreine
- if ADH is not secreted, you will ?
- excrete dilute urin and become dehydration
- when fluid leaves collect tubule it exits the kidney thr the ?
- ureter
- ureter is a duct?
- that leads to bladder
- urine is stored in ?
- bladder
- urine exits the bladder thr?
- urethra
- diabetic. the high level of glucose overwhelms the?
- nephons act trans system
- what produces urea?
- liver
- sugars absorb dur digest are deliv to liver via?
- hepatic portal vein
- liver makes glucose into?
- glycogen
- gluconeogenesis ?
- making glucose from non carbody precurs
-
t or f
liv can synt gluc from noncarbohydr precursors - t
- what is name of process by which liver makes gluc from non carbodydr precursors?
- gluconeogenesis
- excess aa from sm intest are transp via?
- hepatic portal vein
- deamination is when?
- amino gr is remov from aa
-
deamination
amino gr is remov from aa and conv into? - ammonia
- liver combines ammonia and____________ to form urea
- carbon dioxide
- liver combines what and what to form urea?
- carbon dioxide and ammonia
- which organ combines ammonia and carbon dioxide?
- liver
- urea is made from ?
- ammonia and carbon dioxide
- liver does what things?
-
1. maint gluc lev in bl
2. make urea
3. detox of toxins
4. stor of iron and vit b12
5. destr of old bl c
6. synt of bile
7. makes bl proteins
8. def against various antig
9. beta osicat of facids to ketones
10. interconv of carb, fats, aa -
liver'
beta oxidizes fatty acids to? - ketones
- liver stores?
- iron and vit B12
- where is bile made?
- liver
- the proc of making fatty acids to ketones is called?
- beta oxidat
- large intest absorbs?
- water and sodium
- large intest does what for homeost?
-
1. absorbs water and sodium
2. excretes excess salts, calcium, iron, and other salts - excess calcium, iron, water, sodium are secreted by?
- large intestine
- what is the largest organ of the body?
- skin
- what are 2 maj layers of skin?
- epidermis, dermis
- what is beneath the dermis?
- hypodermis
- epidermis is made of what layers?
-
stratum basalis
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum - what is the deepest layer of epid?
- stratum basalis
- which layer continuosly prolif?
- stratum basalis
- what is outermost layer of skin?
- stratum corneum
- dead sk c change into?
- squames of keratin
- dermis is what layers?
-
1. papillary layer
2. reticular layer -
dermis
papillary layer is - loose connective tiss
-
dermis
reticular layer is? - dens connect tiss
- the dermis contains?
- sweat gl, sense organs, bl vess, bulbs of hair follicles
- hypodermis is made of?
- loose connect tissue
- hypodermis is abund in?
-
fat c,
it binds outer sk layers to body - what binds outer sk layers to the body?
- hypodermis
- spec epidermal c called _____________ synth melanin?
- melanocytes
- skin has recept for what stimuli?
- pres and temper
- skin excretes?
- water, salts
-
t or f
skin is a thermoregulat organ - t
- subcutan fat in ____________ insulates body
- hypodermis
- ____________ incre metabolic rate, and incre heat product
- epinephrine
- vitiligo is caused by
- loss of epidermal melanocytes
- what dis causes loss of epidermal melanocytes.
- vitiligo
- vitiligo is probab a ?
- autoimmune disorder
- what are alternat mech for regulat body temp?
-
panting
fur
torpor
hibernation - homeotherms have?
- constant body temp
- hibernation is a type of?
- torpor
-
where are the proximal and distal convuluted tubules located? - cortex