- -Motivation
-Anxiety
-Hostility
-Aggression
-Guilt
-Threat
-Fear
-Learning
-Unconscious - Kelly\'s Interpretation of traditional psychological concepts
- 1) constructs are formed on the basis of the recurring themes in one\'s experience (day follows night, it tends to be cold in the winter)
- Construction corollary
- 10) states that people can be considered similar not b/c of similar physical experiences but b/c they construe their experiences in a similar fashion
- Commonality corollary
- 11)states that to engage in constructive social interaction / another person, one must first understand how that person construes his/ her experiences. Only then can one play a role in that person\'s life
Role: an ongoing pattern of behavior that follows - Sociality corollary
*role construct: our understanding of another person\'s outlook and expectations - 2) each person is unique in his/ her manner of construing experience (reality is what we perceive it to be)
- Individuality corollary
- 3)states that constructs are organized in a hierarchy from most general to most specific
*superordinate: general construct that subsumes other constructs
Subordinate: constructs that are subsumed under a more general construct - Organization corollary
- 4)states that each construct has 2 poles, 1 of which describes what characteristics the events to which the construct is relevant have in common, the other describes events w/o those characteristics
Ex:one pole describes beautiful things, the other desc - Dichotomy corollary
- 5)states that people will choose a construct that will either further define or extend their construct system
Defintion: safe path (validation)
Extension: trying new constructs, assimilate better to experiences that were once foreign (possibility of fai - Choice corollary
- 6)states that a construct is only relevant to a finite range of events
range of convenience: includes all the events to which the construct is relevant
focus of convenience: events w/ in the range of convenience of a construct to which that construct is - Range corollary
- 7)states that mere passive experience is unimportant. It is the active construing of experience that ultimately results in a more effectove construct system
- Experience corollary
- 8)states that a construct system is more likely to change if the constructs contained in it are permeable (open to experience, easily assimilate new experiences)
- Modulation corollary
- 9) states that as a construct system is being tested, revised, or extended, certain inconsistencies in behavior may result
- Fragmentation corollary
- A sketch that Kelly sometimes had his clients write about themselves (3rd person)in order to learn what constructs they used to construe themselves and other people
- Self-characterization
- a synonym for life, just being alive is motivation enough
push theories: Freud, Skinner, Dollard & Miller
pull theories: Jung and Adler
jackass theories: Rogers, Maslow, and May (social-cog theory) - Motivation
- All humans are like scientists in that they are interested in the future and use the present only to test a theory\'s ability to anticipate events. The scientist\'s main goal is to reduce uncertainty
- Kelly\'s Basic Postulate-People as Scientists
- associated w/ validation, which occurs when a construct is successfully used to anticipate future events (people seek validation of their construct system)
- Reinforcement
- Belief of the info a client is telling you and they should be trusted (ask a question and take their word for it)
- Credulous Attitude
- believe that intact conscious experience should be psychology\'s focus of attention. The important thing to study is a person\'s individual conscious experiences, w/o breaking them into component parts or attempting to determine their origin
- Phenomenologist
*Unlike some phenomenologists, Kelly was interested in how thought processes were used while interacting with the environment - changes which occur in one\'s construct system that enhance predictabilty
- Learning
- characterizes the actions of a person confronted w/ a novel situation
- CPC cycle
*circumspection: ponder several constructs that seem to be pertinent to the situation
*preemption: choose from the constructs pondered in the prev phase
*control: choose that pole of the chosen construct that seems most useful under the circumstances and then act on it - clinical technique that asks clients to act out as if they were other people. Clients = actors, and therapist = supporting actor. have client try diff ways of construing their experiences in a non-threatening situation
- Fixed-role therapy
- collection of constructs used by a person at any given time to construe the events in his/her life
- construct system
*Kelly believed individuals are free to create their own construct systems, but he also believed they are controlled by them after they are created - construct that is cognitively tested as one that might be useful in construing a situation
- Propositional construct
(occur in circumspection phase) - Constructs w/ low cognitive awareness (not able to easily bring to mind)
3 types:
1)Preverbal constructs: still used even though it has no consistent word symbol
2)Submergence: one pole of a construct is used while the other is ignored
3)suspension: - Unconscious
- emphasizes the present and future rather than the past; and assumes that humans are free to choose their own identities
- Existential theory
(Kelly\'s theory) - employed when a person seeks innovative solutions to problems or a fresh way of construing experiences
- Creativity cycle
1-loosened construction phase
2- tightened \" \"
3- test phase - For Kelly, this term refers to a person\'s construct system
- Personality
- George Kelly had this many corollaries
- 11
- identifies the constructs a client uses to construe the relevant people in his/her life
- Role Construct Repertory Test
- provides a person w/ an opportinity to examine and reformulate his/her construct system (better predict their futures)
- Psychotherapy
- Similar to threat, but less severe. results when a peripheral element of one\'s construct system is invalidated, rather than one\'s core constructs
- Fear
- Term that reflects Kelly\'s belief that there are numerous ways of construing one\'s experience and therefore one is free to choose from a # of construct systems
- constructive alternativism
- the active elaboration of one\'s perceptual field (an attempt to expand one\'s construct system to an ever increasing range of events
- Aggression (opposite of Hostility)
- the awareness of imminent comprehensive change in one\'s core structures (core structures used to make sense out of life)
- Threat
Ex: a person looked out her window in the middle of summer and sees snow
--> feels threatened
- the continued effort to exort validational evidence in favor of a type of social prediction which has already proven itself a failure (continue to use a construct even though it has proven false in the past)
- Hostility
- the major tool a person uses in anticipating events. Can also be an idea that a person uses when attempting to interpret his/her own personal experiences
- personal construct
* used by individuals to CONSTRUE or interpret,explain, give meaning to, or predict experiences - the perception of one\'s apparent dislodgement from his core role structure (the roles we play while interacting w/ the relevant people and groups in our lives)
- Guilt
*results from the inconsistency interacting w/ the relevant people and groups in our lives)
Ex: a guy who spent most of his life avoiding alcohol accepts a drink at a party--> feels guilty - the recognition that events w/ which one is confronted lie outside the range of convenience of one\'s construct system (total lack of predictability)
- Anxiety
- theory that emphasizes mental events and stresses how people view and think about reality
- Cognitive theory
(Kelly\'s theory) - Theory that stressees the human capacity for improvement; explore new possibilities
(Kelly\'s theory) - Humanistic theory
