ch.14 a new industrial age
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- Edwin L. Drake
- successfully used a steam engine to drill for oil
- Bessemer process
- a cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed around 1850
- Thomas Alva Edison
- invented electricity
- Christopher Sholes
- invented the typewriter
- Alexander Graham Bell
- invented the telephone
- transcontinental railroad
- a railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of U.S., completed in 1869
- George M. Pullman
- built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars on the Illinois prairie
- Credit Mobilier
- a construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad, who used it to fraudulently skim off railroad profits for themselves
- Munn v. Illinois
- an 1877 case in which the Supreme Court upheld states' regulation of railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers, thus establishing the right of government to regulate private industry to serve the public interest
- Interstate Commerce Act
- a law, enacted in 1887, that reestablished the federal government's right to supervise railroad activities and created a five-member Interstate Commerce Commission to do so
- vertical integration
- a process in which Andrew Carnagie bought out his suppliers
- horizontal integration
- when companies producing similar products merge
- Social Darwinism
- an economic and social philosophy--supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection--holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest
- Sherman Antitrust Act
- made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries
- Samuel Gompers
- led the Cigar Makers' International Union to join with other craft unions in 1886
- American Federation of Labor (AFL)
- an alliance of trade and craft unions, formed in 1886
- Eugene V. Debs
- made the first major attempt to form such an industrial union
- Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
- a labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905
- Mary Harris Jones
- the most prominent organizer in the women's labor movement