biology 1 unit3 simpson
Terms
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- define: cell
- smallest living unit of life; Bacteria is single-celled but is a complete organism
- define: tissue
- a group of cells that have a similar function
- define: organ
- a group of different tissues that perform a specific function
- define: organ system
- also known as "system level", several organs that will perform a common fuction
- The Cell Theory
-
1. the cell is the basic living unit of life
2. all organisms are composed of cell(s)
3. all cells come from pre-existing cells - Eukaryotic
- has a nucleus
- Prokaryotic
-
-does not have a nucleus
-are mainly bacteria - cell wall
- gives cell structure (shape), and provides support and protection.
- Plants have what kind of cell wall?
- cellulose
- Fungi have what kind of cell wall?
- chitin
- Animals have what kind of cell wall?
- no cell wall
- cilia
-
for motility;
numerous little projections - flagella
-
for motility;
tend to be long and hairlike - cell membrane
- just under cell wall; is where animal cells start; made up of phospholipids (40%) and proteins (60%); semi-selective membrane
- simple diffusion
-
movement of small molecules from high concentration to low concentration; can go either way, it just depends where the highest concentration is;
works best with small molecules - osmosis
- movement of water across a selective membrane
- facilitated diffusion
- involves large molecules; molecules will attach to proteins in cell membrane and then are drug in and released inside cell
- cytoplasm
-
all of area from membrane to nucleus;
the fluid element of cell;
can be as much as 90% water;
other components are floating in cytoplasm - organelles
- the solid intracellular components
- nucleus
- larger structure within the cell; has own membrane inside is a 2nd ball called nucleolus
- nucleolus
- where all genetic material is housed (DNA)
- nucleoplasm
- cytoplasm inside the nucleus
- chromosomes
- double coiled strand of DNA
- endoplasmic reticlulm
-
there is smooth & rough;
smooth is for nonprotein products;
rough is for attached to rough ER - ribosomes
-
job is to produce protein;
is attached to the ER, makes up the rough part - golgi apparatus
-
process & package proteins;
look like stacks of pancakes - mitochondria
-
produce ATP's (energy)
bean shaped - centrioles
-
usually located at one end of the other;
a series of tubes laid side by side;
used during cell division- produces spindle fibers that will attach to chromosomes and pull them apart for mitosis - lysosomes
- chemical pockets located throughtout cell; most contain lysosyme which is used to break down bacteria, therefore is most common in white blood cells
- vacuoles
- spaces within cell-usually for gas or water storage. ex: H2O or O2.
- chloraplast
-
produce chloroplhyll- used for photosynthesis in plants;
not in animals - What are the phases of mitosis?
- Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
-
How long does
Interphase
last? - about 15.3 hours
- How long does mitosis average?
- 16 hours
- what are the different stages of interphase?
- G1, S phase, and G2
- Describe interphase
- carries on normal everyday activities. Toward end, goes into a series of subphases.
- G1
- organelles double
- S phase
- DNA replication occurs - HAVE to HAVE duplication
- G2
- high rate of protein synthesis
- Prophase
-
chromosomes will thicken, shorten, and duplicate.-
Nucleur membrane will fragment and will eventually disappear.-
Spindle fibers will begin to form from the centrioles - Metaphase
- chromosomes move to equatorial plat ( move to middle of cell)
- Anaphase
-
chromosomes seperate and move to poles.
-cytokinesis occurs (cell division) - Telephase
-
chromosomes reach the poles.
- nucleur membrane reforms.
- ends when cytokinesis is complete - What is a Karyotype?
- a display of chromosome cut from a photo of a splat and arranged in pairs
-
Which chromosome(s) is/are the
"Autosomes"? - pairs 1 through 22
- which chromosome(s) is/are the "sex chromosomes"?
- pair #23
- Down Syndrome
-
have Trisomy 21.
-will have 3 #21's.-
Typically shorter, stockier, very distinct look because of the extra layer of fat under eyebrows. eyes appear oriental-like, stubby fingers, lower IQ's.
is a tendency in older females to give birth to Downs babies - Kleinefelter Syndrome
-
have XXY chromosomes.
considered neither male nor female but have the appearence of male. are sterile have breast development, IQ's are lower - Patau Syndrome
-
Trisomy 13
- increase in heart and nerve problems
- to live for one year is extremely rare, if even born.
- exhibit same as Edward Syndrome - Edward Syndrome
-
Trisomy 13.
- increase in heart and nerve problems.
- to live 1 year is rare, if even born.
- exhibits same as Patau Syndrome - Turner Syndrome
-
is just one single "X" .
-text will usually write as "X0"
- appears female, shorter, ovaries nonfunctional, tendency to heart problems, no adverse mental affects, have problems with distances - Jacobs Syndrome
-
known as a supermale because of "XYY".
-appear male, tendency to be larger/taller, may or may not be sterile, lower IQ's. - Fragile X Syndrome
-
could be male of female (XY) or (XX).
a part of the X chromosome will break off - metafemale
-
"XXX" or more X's.
-numerous X's, it forms "bar-bodies".
-appear female, XXX appears normal.
- menstruation irregular, menopause occurs about mid- 30's.
-XXXXXXXX are normally nonreproductive - Trisomy 22
-
have 3 #22 chromosomes.
-heart problems - Monosomy 21
-
one 1 #21 chromosome
- heart/ nerve problems - Cri Du Chat
-
have a partial #5 chromosome.
- skull begins of ossify immediatly upon birth.
-brain presses on skull because skull not expanding.
- causes to cry a lot and cry sounds like a cat
- life span typically less than 1 year - Muscular Dystrophy
- lacks gene that produces a protein that controls calcium release
- Color Blindness
-
genes to see Red & Green are located on X, so if missing from X, men are color blind for that color.
mostly occurs in males - Hemophilia
-
lack of factor 8 gene (written as VIII), which produces protein for clotting.
- mostly occurs in males - sex-linked disorders
- female is carries but does not normally express symptoms (because female has a "back-up" X chromosome, male does not), male will express symptoms