bio chem 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- How is pH used to determine the strength of acids and bases?
- pH measures tha hydrogen ion concentration and that tells the degree of acidity or basicity
- What is the difference between a weak and a strong acid?
- Weak acids slightly dissociate in water and strong acids highky dissociate in water
- Name the 6 basic nutrient groups.
- water, minerals, vitamins, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
- What is meant by digestion?
- the breakdown of food into small enough peices to be passed through intestinal wall to be used by body
- Why are minerals necessary for the body?
- they aid in many functions of the body such as thyroid function-iodine, rbc production-iron
- Why are vitamins necessary for the body?
- they help enzymes work and they help in important functions of the body and structure such as bone formation
- What are two purposes of food?
- fill energy needs and provide raw materials.
- Describe the digestion and metabolism of proteins.
- stomach acids and enzymes break peptide linnkages that hold protein together and break the proteins into amino acids
- Describe the digestion and metabolism of lipids.
- lipids are broken down by enzymes and bile salts. they breakdown fats into smaller components so they can travel through intestinal wall and into bloodstream.
- Describe the digestion and matabolism of carbohydrates
- stomach acid and ezymes convert carbs into monosaccharides. carbs are polysaccharides joined by acetal linkages, so the stomach acids and ezymes break these linkages and make monosaccharides
- What is the basis of chemical transport in the body?
- chemical transport involves nutrients, chemicals, 02, c02, being moved through the body either by hydrogen bonding, suspension, or hemoglobin transport
- How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in the body?
- o2 attaches to the heme portion of the hemoglobin and goes to the cells. the co2 attaches to the heme and then is exhaled or used as a buffer
- How do kidneys clean the blood?
- blood goes through kidneys and filters the waster in the blood and is eliminated by urine.
- What is meant by metabolism?
- The sum total of all the chemical reactions in teh body that are involved in the maintenance of the dynamic state of the cell
- What are two effects of free radical damage?
- damaged blood vessels, heart disease
- Why is glycogen called a storage carbohydrate?
- Because it is stored for future use, as energy for muscles. When glucose levels drop, glycogen breaks down to provide glucose.
- How do buffer systems work in the body?
- Buffer resists attemps to change pH upon addition of small amounts of hydrogen or hydroxyl ions
- What are weak and strong electrolytes?
- Weak electrolytes slightly dissociate in solution. Strong electrolytes highly dissociate in solution.
- Brifely discuss prion based disease.
- prion disease occurs when the shape becomes misfolded. these have a chain reaction and make more altered cells. They eat away at the brain until death.
- What are the effects of antioxidants in the body?
- antioxidants produce electrons that are needed to neutralize free radicals
- What is the function of blood?
- To transport oxygen from lungs to tissues, co2 from tissues to lungs, nutrients from digestive system to tissues.
- What is meant by the tetravalent nature of carbon?
- each carbon atom has four bonds
- What is the function of hormones?
- chemical messengers synthesized by glands that affect target tissues in the body where a response occurs.
- How can enzymes be used in clinical diagnoses?
- Certain enzymes are normally found exclusively in cells and are released into blood only when cells are damaged or destroyed
- How do enzymes functions in the body?
- Enzymes catalyze reactions in the body that would otherwise not happen as fast.
- Which fats are healthier for the body?
- unsaturated fats because they have double bonds which interfere with packins so they are less likely to clog arteries.
- What is the function of cellulose in the body?
- It provides dietary fiber and stimulates the contraction of the intestines and aids in the passage of food through digestive tract
- What is the function of glucose in the body?
- glucose is a sugar transported by the blood to body tissues to satisfy energy needs.
- Name two functions of carbohydrates.
- store chemical energy and provide energy through oxidation
- What is meant by optical isomerism.
- A spatial arrangement around a chiral carbon. they have configurations in space such that on structure is the mirror image of the other but is not identical to it.
- What are the functions of HDL and LDL in the body?
- HDL transports cholesterol to the liver. Allow excess cholesterol to pass through bloodstream without plaque buildup. LDL carries cholesterol throughout the body, transported to body tissues where needed
- What is the purpose of bile salts?
- bile salts are oxidation products of cholesterol. which disperse lipids into the small intestine into fine emulsions to help digestion
- Define two types of proteins.
- Fibrous proteins-primarily used for structural purposes(hair, nails) globular proteins- used for nonstructural puposes like transporting protein throughout the body
- Describe a function of amino acid in the body.
- structure- hair, nails, skin
- Explain the effect of cholesterol in the body.
- important raw materials needed for synthesis of hormones and bile acids and can cause build up in arteries