WH Chapter 1 and 2
Terms
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- hominid
- creature belonging to the family hominidae, which inclues human and human-like creatures
- homo sapiens
-
"conciously thinking human"
first appeared 50,000 yrs ago
sophisticated tools - paleolithic
- Old Stone Age, long period of human development before the development of agriculture
- hunting and gathering
- way of getting food by killing game animals (men) and gathering plants (women)
- Cro-Magnon
- homo sapiens sapiens-40,000 yrs ago in paleolithic era, first human beings of the modern type
- Neolithic
- New Stone Age (10,000 to 4,000 BCE) discovered and mastered agriculture
- Slash and Burn
- used in agriculture, slashes bark of trees then burned it (so sun could get to the ground)-made soil fertile, had to move around because nutrients would be used up
- Specialization of Labor
- surplus of food enabled people to concentrate time on their professions like art, pottery, wood carvings, tools, baskets
- Metallurgy
- started from copper, then brass and iron, could hammer into sheets or extract it from ores by heat, could make good tools
- Gilgamesh
- legendary king of Mesopotamian city-state Uruk (3000 BCE) subject of "Epic of Gilgamesh" - oldest complete epic literary masterpiece
- Mesopotamia
- "land between the rivers"-Tigris and Euphrates-formed cities-lots of interactions with other peoples
- Sargon of Akkad
- creator of empire in Mesopotamia, overthrew kings and destroyed walls, putting Mesopotamia under his rule, controlled trade routes and taxes and great armies
- Hammurabi
- Babylonian conqueror "king of the four quarters of the world"
- Lex talionis
- "law of retaliation"-offenders sufered punishments resembling their violation, also taking upon social standing
- patriarchy
- authority over public and private auffairs vested in men; family-decided work, marriage; public- all public affairs and policies decided by men
- Abraham
- came from Sumer, migrated to Palestine, his descentandts recognized Mesopotamian deities, values, and customs; borrowed lex talionis and flood stories
- Hebrews
- from pastoral nomads to in land between Egypt and Mesopotamia-migrated a lot
- Monotheism
- Moses first to embrace it; only one god (Yahweh in Judaism); all other deities were false imposters
- Torah
- set of holy scriptures, which lay down Yahweh's law and outlines his role in creating the world and guiding human affairs; he rewards the ones who obey and punish those who don't (individual or whole communities)
- Phoenicia
- trading empire on the coast of the Mediterranean; no farming a lot of industry and trade; alphabetic writing
- Indo-Europeans
- group of people with similar languages (most European, Hindi, Farsi-Iran, Greek, Latin), in a similar geographical area
- migration
- movement of people
- polytheism
- belieft in more than one god, more accepting to other gods, based more on practices, not beliefs