Unit Test Ecology
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Which one is classified as a heterotroph?
a. algae
b. minerals
c. plants
d. mushrooms - d. mushrooms
- In trophic structures, as omnivores humans are
- primary and secondary consumers
- in general biomes are
- climax communities
- What is the nutritional relationship among producers and consumers in an ecosystem?
- trophic structure
- What is ecology?
- study of relationships between organisms and the living and non-living factors in their environment
- Population
- group of organisms of the SAME SPECIES that live in one area during a specific time
- Community
- all biotic, the combination of all the populations living in an area and interacting with eachother
- Ecosystem
- the living community and its environment
- Abiotic factors are?
- non living componenets
- Biotic Factors
- all of the living organisms in an ecosystem
- Biosphere
- the portion of earth where life exists
- to be organic?
- needs to contain carbon and hydrogen
- an ecosystem is a self sustaining unit if the following conditions are met (2)
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1. relatively constant source of energy
2. organic and inorganic nutrients need to be recycled - What two things do plants use for photsynthesis?
- h20 and co2
- Autotroph
- organisms that can synthesize food from inorganic molecules
- Heterotrophs
- organisms which cannot synthesize food
- Heterotrophs are dependent on?
- other organisms for food
- 4 types of heterotrophs
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1. Saprophytes / Decomposer
2. Herbivores
3. Carnivores
4. Omnivores - What are saprophytes/decomposers?
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organisms that act as decomposers by absorbing nutrients from dead organic matter
ex: mushrooms fungi - What are herbivores?
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plant eaters
ex: rabbits deer - What are carnivores?
- eat other animals
- What are the two types of carnivores?
- predators and scavengers
- what are predators?
- hunt and kill other animals for food
- what are scavengers?
- search out already dead or already dying organisms for food
- What are omnivores?
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eat both plants and animals
ex: many humans - Food chain?
- involves the transfer of energy from green plants through a series of organisms with repeated stages of eating or being eaten
- What is the first step of the food chain?
- Producers
- Producers are also called?
- autotrophs
- Producers are on what trophic level?
- First trophic level
- the second trophic level is the ?
- Primary consumers
- Primary consumers are also called?
- heterotrophs
- primary consumers/heterotrophs are ?
- organisms that consume producers
- Secondary consumers are also called?>
- heterotrophs
- secondary consumers consume
- primary consumers
- What trophic level are secondary consumers?
- 3rd trophic level
- Decomposers are also called?
- heterotrophs
- decomposers come at ?
- the end of every food chain
- decomposers are on what trophic level?
- no designated trophic level
- A food web is?
- many interconnected food chains in an ecosystem, non linear
- Ecological pyramids
- illustrate relationship between producers and consumers by indicating the decrease in numbers, biomass, or energy at each trophic level
- What does the 10% rule mean? (2 things)
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90% of energy is lost (as heat) as you move up each level of the pyramid
only 10% is maintained for further use - Symbiotic relationships are when?
- different types of organisms live together in a close relationship (different species)
- The ______ refers to the smaller participant
- symbiont
- The host is the ____ part of the relationshio
- host
- What are the 3 types of symbiotic relationships?
- Commensalism, Mutualism, Parasitism
- What is commensalism?
- symbiont (smaller) benefits, host is neither helped or harmed
- Mutualism is?
- both symbiont and host benefit ex: birds on rhinos ( birds eat bugs on rhinos, clean rhino nourished bird)
- What is Parasitism?
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the symbiont benefits, the host is harmed
ex: fleas on dogs - In the carbon cycle, _______, ________, and ______ are cycled by the processes of ______ and __________
- in the carbon cycle, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are cycled by the processes of respiration and photosynthesis
- in the carbon cycle, the?
- carbon and hydrogen in glucose react with the oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
- the formula for glucose is?
- C6 H12 O6
- when the carbon and hydrogen in glucose react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, the formula is what?
- C6 H12 O6 + O2 --> CO2 H2O
- Photosynthesis is when?
- H2O and CO2 with the energy from the sun are combined to form glucose and oxygen
- when H2O and CO2 with the energy from the sun are combined to form glucose and oxygen the formula is ?
- H2O + CO2 + SUN --> O2 +C6 H12 O6
- The water cycle is vital to?
- all living things
- The water cycle is a primary?
- limiting factor within any ecosystem --> the amount of water is directly related to the amount of life
- What are the 6 processes that the water cycle involves?
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Photosynthesis
Precipitaiton
Evaporation
Condensation
Respiration
Transpiration - What is precipitation?
- when liquid water falls- snow, rain, etc
- What is evaporation?
- liquid water becomes water vapor
- What is condensation?
- when water vapor becomes liquid water
- What is transpiration?
- the evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant, *type of evap*
- phosperous is part of ?
- DNA
- Nitrogen is necessary for the production of ?
- protein
- protein is an ?
- essential building block of all living things
- Nitrogen cycle
- 1. decomposers and other soil bacteria break down and convert nitrogeneous wastes into materials used by autotrophs
- Biome is a type of ?
- climax community ecosystem forms in geographic regions of similar climatic conditions
- two types of biomes?
- land (terrestrial) water (aquatic)
- Land biomes are characterized by?
- climax vegetation in the region
- What are the 5 determining factors of what types of plants are in land biomes?
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precipitation
light
altitude
lattitude
temperature - What biome do we live in?
- Temperate Deciduous Forest
- What does temperate mean?
- seasons (hot summers cold winters)
- what is decid and how does it related to our biome?
- decid- to cut off: our primary vegetation in our biome are trees- leaves fall off of trees
- Aquatic and Water Biomes represent..?
- the largest ecosystems on earth
- ___% of the earths surface is covered by?
- 70 water
- which are more stable land are water?
- water
- what are the 3 factors affecting the kinds and number of organisms in water biomes?
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1. dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide (nutrients) from respiration and photosynthesis
2. temperature
3. light - Primary succession begins in?
- virtually lifeless soil
- The soil is not yet?
- filled with nutrients needed to cycle through self-sustaining ecosystem
- What is an example of primary succession?
- volcanic island
- What are pioneer species?
- first organisms settling in
- pioneer species must be (2 things)
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very simple organisms
live off new materials - What do pioneer species do to the environment?
- modify the environment so more complex organisms can settle
- what are the 2 ways that pioneer species modify the environment >
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add nutrients
modify soil--- from bacteria to a full ecosystem takes verrrrry long time - Secondary Succession occurs where?
- an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance
- The soil is still ____ meaning that all _____ are still there
- intact, processes (nitrogen carbon water)
- Pioneer species are more complex in secondary or primary succession?
- secondary succession
- Climax Community is the end of _______, and contintues until?
- succession, a catastrophe or a change alters or destroys it
- each biome is a different?
- climax community