Unit 2-Lipids
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- Which elements are lipids composed of?
-
C H O
Much less O than in carbohydrates - What types of lipids are there?
-
Neutral fats/triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids -
Lipids are:
_________ source of energy fuel.
Insulate ______ from heat loss. -
Concentrated
Deeper tissues -
Lipids:
Protect ______
Important ___ ___ components -
Body organs
Plasma Membrane -
Lipids:
Various types of steroids (3)
Solubilize _____________. -
Vitamin D
Sex hormones
Cholesterol
Fat soluble vitamins -
Lipids:
Type of Eicosanoid involved in blood clotting, inflamation, and labor contractions - Prostaglandins; also known as 'local hormones'
-
Triglyceride is composed of?
Processes by which this unit of fat is formed and split apart? -
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule
Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis - Describe saturated, unsaturated (mono, poly) fats.
-
Saturated-solid at room temp; single bonds hold Cs
Unsaturated-liquid room temp; at least one double bond between Cs (Mono one double, Poly more than one double) -
Cholesterol is transported through the body in what?
Explain why HDL if 'good' -
Lipoprotein packets
Transport excess cholesterol back to the liver where excreted w bile -
Saturated fats __ LDL levels
Unsaturated fats do what?
Trans fats do what? -
Increase
Decrease LDL; Increase HDL
Increase LDL; Decrease HDL - How are Trans fats formed?
- from unsaturated fats that are hydrogenated
-
What are the components of a phospholipd?
___ in cell membranes
___ insulates many neurons -
2 fatty acids and a phosphorous group
-phosphatidylcholine
-sphingomyelin - A steroid is a ___ molecule with ___ interlocking hydrocarbon rings
-
flat
4 - Eicosanoids are made of a ___ carbon fatty acid. They are found where?
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20
Cell membranes - ____ _____ hormones are part of the steroid group and are involved in what?
-
Adrenal cortical
calcium ion concentrations - Which 3 vitamins are fat soluble?
- A E K
- ____ is a bile salt (steroid) that emulsifies fat.
- Lecithin
- Leukotrienes and thromboxanes are part of which lipid group
- Eicosanoids
- Collagen, Keratin and Elastin are all proteins involved in what?
- Proteins involved in structural support of the body.
- Acin and Myosin are proteins involved in what?
- Movement; these are contractile proteins
-
Hemoglobin and lipoproteins are both proteins involved in What?
Plasma proteins can act as what? example... -
Proteins involved in transport
Buffers; ie albumin - 2 proteins involved in metabolic regulation are?
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Growth hormone
Insulin - 2 proteins involved in the body's defense are?
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Antibodies
Immunoglobulins - The structure of an amino acid is composed of?
-
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Central C and H with an R group attached - The secondary structure of a protein can be either ___ or ___.
-
Alpha helix (spring coil)
Beta pleated sheets (folded arrangement) - Tertiary proteins are held together by multiple types of bonds where as 4 structure has more than 1___.
- Polypeptide chain; ie hemoglobin
- Keratin, elastin, collagen, actin and myosin are all what type of protein?
- Fibrous
- Describe globular proteins and name 2 general categories of them.
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compact, spherical, composed of 3 and 4 structures
antibodies and hormones - Protein denaturation can be caused by ___ and ___. This will be irreversible if what?
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Increase in temp
Decrease in pH
Lose 3 structure (active site will be messed up) - Biological catalysts are also known as ___. What type of protein are most of these?
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Enzymes
Globular - Characteristics of Enzymes are?
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Not changed by rxn; reusable
susceptible denaturation
chemically specific
work at optimum pHs and temps
lower activation energy
end in 'ase' - _____ is the protein part of a Holoenzyme. _____ is an ion, metal or organic molecule which is also part of the Holoenzyme.
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Apoenzyme
Cofactor (organic cofactor is called coenzyme) - 2 mechanisms of action of an enzyme are?
- Lock and Key model; Induced fit
- A nucleotide of DNA is composed of what? What type of bonds hold the nucleotides together?
-
Nitrogen containing base
Pentose sugar
Phosphate group
H bonds - DNA is said to undergo ____ replication because?
- Semiconservative. Half of the DNA molecule is the 'old' strand.
- RNA is __ stranded and the 3 types of RNA are?
- Single. Messenger, Transfer, Ribosomal
-
ATP is composed of?
What is adenosine? -
Adenosine plus 3 phosphate groups.
Adenine plus ribose - ATP is represented by ___ bonds. How many kcal of energy is represented by one of these bonds?
-
Squiggle (P + squiggle)
7.3-7.4 kcal - Functions extracellular region?
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Source nutrients/oxygen
site disposal metabolic wastes
Link between the cells - Functions of the cytoplasm?
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Intracellular transport
Storage; nutrients, raw materials - Another name for intracellular transport?
- Cytoplasmic streaming
- Name the membranous organelles:
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ER
Golgi body
lysosomes
peroxisomes
mitochondria
nucleus - Name the non-membranous organelles:
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cytoskeleton
microvilli
centrioles
cilia
ribosomes
proteosomes -
The function of centioles:
The structure of centrioles: - Organize microtubules of the spindle apparatus-pull the chromosomes apart during mitosis. 9 groups of microtubule triplets
- Describe a vacuole:
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membrane bound sac or vesicle
temporary
storage site
vesicular transport - Describe an inclusion:
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Non membrane bound
temporary
includes glycogen granules, pigments, protein/lipid droplets - Describe the glycocalyx:
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made up of glycoproteins within the cell membrane
forms web outside of cell
Provides highly specific biological markers by which cells recognize one another - Plasma membrane is made up of what?
- Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol and glycolipids
- Fluid mosaic model describes what?
- The bilayer of lipids imbedded w dispersed proteins
- Functions of membrane proteins?
-
Transport
Enzymatic activity
Receptors for signal transduction
Intercellular adhesion/guiding cellular migration
Cell-cell recognition
Attachment to cytoskeleton/extracellular matrix - What molecules are freely permeable through the phosphlipid bilayer?
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Nonpolar, uncharged molecules
O2
CO2
Steroids - What molecules are impermeable through the phospholipid bilayer?
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Polar, charged molecules
Ions
-these pass through channels or are actively pumped across - How does H2O get through the phospholipid bilayer?
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Periodic gaps phospolipid bilayer
Aquaporins-transmembrane pores - The resting membrane potential refers to what?
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Positive/negative charges on the outside/inside of the PM
-also known as charge potential. - The RMP is maintained by what 3 processes
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Na/K pump
PM 75X more permeable to K than Na
PM impermeable lg anionic proteins - Factors that influence the transport of materials across the PM:
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Size
Charge
Presence of channels/transport proteins
Solubility -
Cholesterol is made where?
An ideal HDL:LDL ration would be? -
Liver
4:1