TAMS, Dr. Burleson, Biology, Ch. 9
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- What are autotrophs?
- Organisms that harvest sunlight for energy.
- What are heterotrophs?
- Organisms that consume other organisms for energy.
- What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration? Anaerobic respiration? Fermentation?
- Oxygen. An inorganic molecule other than oxygen. An organic molecule.
- What produces most ATP? How does it function?
- The enzyme ATP synthase. It has a rotary motor driven by protons moving down their gradient.
- In what two ways do cells catabolize organic molecules to produce ATP?
- Substrate-level phosphorylation and aerobic respiration.
- What are the four stages of glucose catabolism?
- 1. Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate Oxidation 3. Krebs Cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain
- What is substrate-level phosphorylation? Where and when does it occur?
- The formation of ATP by transfering a phosphate to ADP directly from an intermediate. In the cytoplasm during glycolysis.
- What is aerobic respiration? Where and when does it occur?
- The formation of ATP by ATP synthase. In the mitochondria during pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
- What are the four steps of glycolysis?
- 1. Glucose Priming 2. Cleavage and Rearrangement 3. Oxidation 4. ATP Generation
- How many net ATP are produced by glycolysis?
- Two ATP.
- What is NAD and its function?
- Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide. It is an electron carrier for electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.
- Where does Pyruvate Oxidation occur and what does it yield?
- In the mitochondria, acetyl-CoA, NADH, and CO2.
- The Krebs Cycle oxidizes ______ in what two steps?
- Acetyl-CoA, Priming, Energy Extraction (4 Oxidations, 1 Substrate-Level Phosphorylation)
- Glucose catabolism occurs through a series of _____ reactions.
- Redox.
- What is the electron carrier for the catabolism of glucose?
- NAD+.
- Where is the electron transport chain?
- The inner mitochondrial membrane.
- _______ ions are moved across the membrane in the electron transport chain to create a gradient.
- Hydrogen.
- What is the total theoretical yield of aerobic respiration?
- 36 ATP.
- What is the passage of protons through ATP synthase called?
- Chemiosmosis.
- At what two points is aerobic respiration inhibited, and by what?
- At glycolysis by phosphofructokinase. At Krebbs' cycle by citrate synthetase.
- How are proteins metabolized? Fats?
- Deamination. Beta-oxidation (forms acetyl-CoA, feeds directly to Krebbs').
- What happens in fermentation?
- Electrons from the glycolytic breakdown of glucose are donated to an organic molecule. Regenerates NAD+ from NADH.
- What are the 6 major steps of the evolution of cellular respiration?
- 1.Degredation (breaking down molecules for energy) 2.Glycolysis (breakdown of glucose) 3.Anaerobic Photosynthesis (light to generate ATP using H2S) 4.Oxygen-forming Photosynthesis (H20 instead of H2S) 5.Nitrogen Fixation (needed for amino acid and nucleotide synthesis) 6.Aerobic Respiration (possibly modification of photosynthesis)
- Who made these flashcards?
- Robert Fromm