TAMS, Dr. Ayre, Biology, Ch. 28
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- Concerning the origin of mitochondria, what is the theory of endosymbiosis?
- Mitochondria were originally independent, aerobic bacteria which were ingested by larger cells and formed a symbiotic relationship.
- Why is Protista such a diverse kingdom?
- Its members are not necessarily related and are artificially grouped for convenience.
- What are some of the methods of protist locomotion?
- Cilia, flagella, and pseudopodia.
- What are phototrophs, phagotrophs, and osmotrophs?
- Protists that photosynthesize, protists that ingest large food particles, and protists that ingest dissolved food.
- What is binary fission? Budding? Schizogony?
- The splitting of a protist into two nearly different halves. The pinching off of a small daughter cell that eventually reaches mature size. Multiple divisions of the cell occuring after multiple divisions of the nucleus.
- What are the six lineages of protists?
- Euglenozoa, Alveolata, Stramenopila, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, and Choanoflagellida.
- Describe Euglenoids.
- They are part of Eulenozoa. They can be photosynthetic, heterotrophic, or both. They are covered with a flexible pellicle. They have a light-sensitive stigma.
- Describe Kinetoplastids.
- They are part of Euglenozoa. They have a single mitochondria with mini-circle and maxi-circle DNA. Trypanosomes are a type that cause very serious human diseases.
- What is a common trait among all Alveolata?
- An alveoli below the plasma membrane.
- Describe Dinoflagellates.
- They are part of Alveolata. They are generally photosynthetic unicells with two flagella. They have few to no histones, and reproduce primarily asexually.
- Describe Apicomplexes.
- They are part of Alveolata. Many organelles are clustered at one end of the cell. One type of them causes malaria.
- Describe Ciliates.
- They are part of Alveolata. They move with cilia and are covered by a pellicle. They eject waste through a cytoproct and have two different nuclei types, macro and micro. Only a macronucleus is immediately vital to survival.
- What types of organisms are included in Stramenopila?
- Brown algae, diatoms, and oomycetes (water molds).
- What is another name for Rhodophyta?
- Red algae.
- Describe Chlorophyta.
- They contain chlorophylls a, b, and carotenoids. They are also known as green algae.
- Describe Choanoflagellida.
- They are similar to the ancestor of animals. They have a flagellum with a contractile collar surrounding it.
- Describe Amoebas.
- They move with pseudopods and are generally amorphous, although Actinopoda (aka radiolarians) have a distinct shape.
- Describe Foraminifera.
- They are informally called "forams", have pre-studded shells called tests, which help in dating things in the fossil record.
- Slime molds can be plasmodial. What does this mean? What structures allow it to reproduce?
- It is a giant mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei. Sporangium.