Sociology IMPORTANT
Terms
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- ethnocentrism
- evaluating other cultures by the standards of your own
- cultural relativism
- all cultures should be evaluated on their own terms
- How did Bierstedt define ideas?
- as patterns or ways of thought
- How did Dierstedt define norms?
- as culturally approved of ways of doing things
- ideas + norms =
- ideology
- norms + material culture =
- technology
- ideology + technology =
- culture
- what are the five points about culture?
- it's shared, collectively experience/built, it's learned, it's taken for granted, and it varies
- What did herbert spencer do?
- he wass the first to apply darwin to the social world
- eugenics
- cultivating best among human characteristics
- sociobiology
- application of biological principles to social life
- innovation
- source of any new cultural trait
- diffusion
- spreading of something from one society to another
- reformulation
- growth and change as a result of innovation and diffusion
- cultural lag
- material culture changes faster than non-material culture
- subculture
- distinctive lifestyle group within a larger society
- what are the four types of subcultures?
- occupation, religious, political, and geographical
- "community" in german
- gemeinschaft
- "society" in german
- gesellschaft
- what are the three types of gemeinschaft relationships?
- blood relations, geographical, and common experience
- what is gesellschaft based on?
- exchange
- functional rationality
- follow the rules and you'll get what you wanted
- substantive rationality
- the desirable end
- The Free Rider Problem
- it's in our best interest to cheat
- deviance
- behaviors that violate the norm
- deviants
- identity attaahed to a person whose behavior violates the norm
- absolutism
- deviance is a malfunction of behavior. right and wrong are distinct
- relativism
- sees complexity and context. right and wrong don't exist
- what are the three elements of deviance?
- expectation, violation, and reaction
- structural-functionalism
- society is a smooth running organism
- manifest
- purpose society is designed for
- latent
- things not designed for, but happens anywhere
- what is the base of the marxist theory made of?
- economics or division of labor
- what does the weberian model look like?
- a circle with many smaller circles inside that are constantly creating friction
- what are collins' three theories of where crime comes from?
- liberal explanation (criminal not totally to blame), conservative explanation (can't punish enough), radical explanation (focus on deviance)
- What are three consequences of poverty?
- homelessnes, illness, and psychology
- race
- category of people defined as similar because of a number of physical characteristics (inherited)
- ethnic group
- share distinct cultural tradition (learned)
- minority
- people who receive different treatment based on physical or cultural differences
- assimilation
- minority groups conform ways to dominant culture
- multiculturalism
- result of not assimilating, differences should be prized
- racism
- belief that humans are "naturally" subdivided into groups with different behaviors and capacities
- prejudice
- acting upon that rank
- discrimination
- result of prejudicial actions
- what are mertons four types of people?
- unprejudiced non-discriminator, unprejuiced discriminator, prejudiced non-discriminator, and prejudiced discriminator
- sex
- biological or anatomical differences
- gender
- psychological, social, cultural differences
- what does weber say that the three eras are?
- pre-modern, pastoral, and traditional civilizations
- what are the two things propelling human history?
- exploitation and rationalization
- stratification
- ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates life chance opportunities
- social class
- groups of people with similar position in terms of wealth and income
- socio-economic position
- includes the prestige and respect afforded to different levels of society
- social mobility
- alibity to move up or down the ladder
- structural-functionalist
- society needs certain tasks to be done.
- feminization
- women who are divorced are more likely to live in poverty
- relative
- economic position compared to the standard conditions of the majority
- poverty
- absolute minimal requirements necessary to live a healthy lifestyle