Sociology Chapter 2
Terms
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- status
- role in society (can have many)
- ascribed status
- statuses of gender, race, and age that you are born with
- achieved statuses
- statuses of employment, mother, etc that we attain through our own actions
- master status
- dominant (most important) role that you play
- subordinate statuses
- all your other roles besides the master status
- status inconsistency
- the condition in which the same individual is given two conflicting status rankings (female doctor, low and high)
- prescribed role
- the set of expectations about how a person with a particular status should behave
- role performance
- how a person actually carries out their prescribed role
- role conflict
- when we are expected to play two different statuses at the same time(student athlete)
- role set
- an array of roles attatched to a particular status(college professor-researcher, teacher, mentor, etc)
- role strain
- stress caused from the incompatible demands from the roles of a single status
- social group
- collection of people who interact with one another and have a certain feeling of unity
- social aggregate
- a number of people who happen to be in one place but do not interact with one another (audience)
- primary group
- group whose members interact informally for frienship's sake
- secondary group
- group whose members interact formally and expect to profit from one another
- social institution
- set of widely shared beliefs, norms, and procedures necessary for meeting the basic needs of society
- sociocultural evolution
- process of changing from a technologically simple society to a more complex one, with specific consequences for social and cultural life
- hunting-gathering society
- hunts animals and gathers plants as it's primary means of survival
- pastoral society
- domesticates and herds animals as primary source of food
- horticultural society
- produces food primarly by growing plants in small gardens
- agricultural society
- produces food primarily by using plows and draft animals on the farm
- industrial society
- produces food for subsistence primarily by using machines
- postindustrial society
- produces food so efficiently that high technology and service industry dominate the society
- material culture
- tangible aspect of culture, includes every conceivable kind of physical object produced by humans; reflect the nature of the society in which they were made
- nonmaterial culture
- intangible aspect of culture including knowledge, beliefs, norms, and values
- norms
- social rules that specify how people should behave
- values
- socially shared ideas about what is good, valued, and important
- mores
- strong norms that specify normal behavior and constitute demands, not just expectations
- laws
- formalized mores
- sanctions
- rewards for conforming to norms and punishments for violations of norms
- cultural integration
- the joining of various cultures into a coherent whole
- multiculturalism
- a state in which all subcultures in the same society are equal to one another
- ethnocentrism
- the attitude that one's own culture is superior to those of other peoples
- cultural relativism
- the belief that a culture must be understood on its own terms