Sem 1 Mini III Histology Skin
Terms
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- The epidermis is ______ epithelium thats grows continuously but maintains its thickness through _______.
- keratanized stratified squamous epithelium, desquamation
- Epidermis is derived from ____, while dermis is derived from ____.
- ectoderm, mesoderm
- ____ is dense connective tissue that imparts mechanical support, strength, and thickness to the skin.
- dermis
- Dermis is derived from ____.
- mesoderm
- Beneath the dermis lies the ____ or _____ tissue, a loose connective tissue.
- hypodermis, subcutaneous
- The ____ contains variable amounts of adipose tissue seperated by connective tissue septa.
- hypodermis
- Deep invaginations of the epidermis,____, interdigitate with _____ of the dermis.
- pegs, papillae
- The palms of the hands and soles of feets are ____ skin, with no hair, which relates to the thickness of the _____.
- thick, epidermis
- The five layers of epidermis from the bottom are ____, ____, _____, ____, and ____.
- stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
- A single layer of cells resting on the basement membrane at the dermal- epidermal junction.
- stratum basale
- Stratum _____ contain stem cells and is charaterized by intense mitotic activity.
- basale
- ____ bind stratum basale into a layer, and _____ bind each cell to the basal lamina.
- Desmesomes, hemidesmosomes
- As cells progress upward, the number of keratin filaments ____.
- increases
- The stratum spinosum is composed of a few layers of _______, with intracellular bridges composed of _____, that give them a spiny appearance.
- polyhedral keratinocytes (prickle cells), desmosomes
- Cells of the ____ and ___ are the only keratinocytes that divide.
- stratum spinosum, stratum basale
- Tonofilaments is another word for ____ in skin.
- keratin intermediate filaments
- The most superficial layer of epidermis with nuclei.
- stratum granulosum
- ____ are layers of flattened keratinocytes whose cytoplasm is filled with coarse basophilic granules called ____.
- stratum granulosum, keratohyaline granules
- The substance in the ____ granules, bind the keratin filaments together in the stratum granulosum.
- keratohyaline
- Cells of the stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum contain ____ granules that dischaged their contents into the intercellular spaces of the ________.
- lamellar, stratum graulosum
- ____ acts as a barrier to penetration by foreign materials and provides a very impt sealing effect for the skin
- lamelar granules
- Small rod like structures that are formed by lipid bilayers.
- lamellar granules
- Clear layer of the epidermis just superficial to the stratum granulosum.
- stratum lucida
- ____ is only found in palmar and plantar thick skin, and consist of keratocytes that have neither nuclei nor organelles, but _____.
- stratum lucida, keratin filaments
- Most superficial layer of the epidermis that consists of dead, non nucleated cells filled with keratin.
- stratum corneum
- Stratum corneum is much thinner in ___ skin than ___ skin.
- thin, thick
- The cells of the stratum corneum are called ____.
- squames
- Thick skin lacks ___ and ___.
- hair follicles, sebaceous gands
- In thin skin, the ____ is absent, then ____ may not be in well defined area, and the ____ may be quite thin.
- stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum
- ___ synthsize the dark brown pigmment melanin.
- melanocytes
- ____ function as antigen presenting cells, phagocytosing foreign antigens.
- langerhans
- ___ are sensory mechanoreceptors with neuro-endocrine functions.
- merkel cells
- Melanocytes synthesize melanin from ____ then with the enzyme _____ and transfer the pigment to ____.
- tyrosine,tyrosinase, keratinocytes
- ____ cells originate from precursors in the bone marrow.
- langerhans
- Melanocytes and langerhans cells are ___ in nature.
- dendritic
- Merkel cells are small in number found in the stratum _____ of the finger tips, and connect via desmosomes to neighboring cells.
- basale
- The dermis is composed of dense irregular connective tissue that contains many type ___ collagen fibers and networks of thick ____ fibers.
- I, elastic
- Dermis is divided into a superficial ___ layer, and a deper ___ layer.
- papillary, reticular
- The break down of ____ and ___ fibers are responsible for wrinkling.
- collagen, elastic
- In old age, extensive cross linking of ____ fibers, the loss of ____ fibers, and their degeneration by excessive exposure to the sun, _____, cause wrinkles.
- collagen, elastic, solar elastosis
- The ____ is avascular.
- epidermis
- ____ is a direct arteriole- venule connection, no capillaries.
- arteriovenous anastamosis
- When blood is shunted into the arteriovenous anastamosis there is ____ surface area and heat loss.
- reduced
- _____ are receptors for fine touch, heat, cold, pain, and itching, that terminate in the ____ and lack schwann cell coverings.
- free nerve endings, stratum granulosum
- Free nerve endings are found in the ____ and the ____ around hair
- epidermis, dermis
- Merkel cells are in the ____. of epidermis and most abundant in skin where ____.
- stratum basale, acute sensory perception
- ____ are deep pressure receptors for mechanical and vibratory pressure, that are found in the ____ and ____.
- Pacinian corpuscles, deep dermis, hypodermis
- Meissner's corpuscle are ___ receptors present in the ____ just below the epidermal _____ and found in such areas as the _____.
- touch, demal papillae, basal lamina, lips, genitalia, nipples
- Epidermal skin appendages are derived from down growths of epidermal epithelium, and include ____,____,___, and ____.
- hair follicles, sebarceous glands, eccrine glands, appocrine glands
- Sebaceous glands produce ____, eccrine glands produce ____, and apocrine glands produce ____.
- sebum, sweat, mixed products
- A thickened basement membrane that seperates the dermis from the epithelium of the hair follicles.
- glassy membrane
- Proliferation of ____ cells accounts for the growth of hair, and are homologous to the straum _____.
- matrix, basale
- ____ glands and ____ glands discharge their secretions around hair follicles.
- sebaceous, appocrine
- ____ glands produce sweat all over the body.
- eccrine
- ____ sweat glands are found only in the arm pit, areola of the nipples, and anal region.
- apocrine
- ____ sweat glands are odorless.
- apocrine
- ____ glands are embedded in the ____, and are found all over the body, except for the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
- sebaceous, dermis
- ____ glands are important for thermoregulation.
- eccrine
- Eccrine sweat glands are composed of ____ cells that contain many mucinogenic rich secretory granules, ____ cells that secrete a watery electrolyte rich material, and _____ cells that contract.
- dark, clear, myoepithelial
- ____ glands do not begin to function until puberty and open into hair follicles.
- apocrine
- Apocrine glands and eccrine glands have _____ secretions.
- merocrine (exocytosis)
- ____ glands have a wide lumen compared to eccrine glands.
- apocrine
- Sebaceous glands secrete ____, an oily secretion, which may have a weak antibacterial and antifungal property.
- sebum
- A chronic inflamation of obstructed ____ glands is acne.
- sebaceous
- _____ glands are most abundant on the scalp and face.
- sebaceous
- Sebaceous glands have a ____ secretion, where product of secretion is released with remnants of dead cells.
- holocrine
- ____ and ____ glands begin functioning at puberty.
- apocrine, sebaceous
- ____ are independent structures, not associated with hair follicles.
- eccrine
- Freckles are a result of increased _____ production and accumulation in the basal area of epidermis without an increase in _____.
- melanin, melanocytes
- ____ are groups of melanocytes in the skin.
- moles
- A calous is a thickening of the stratum ____ resulting from pressure.
- corneum
- ____ happen when many new blood vessels group together in one place on the skin.
- Hermangiomas
- Warts are benign epidermal growths caused by infection of the keratinocytes with ______.
- papillomavirus
- _____ is a keratolytic found in OTC anti wart drugs.
- salicylic acid
- ____ is a disease characterized by greater turnover of keratinocytes, resulting in the accumulation of keratinocytes and stratum _____.
- Psoriasis, corneum
- First Degree burns have ____ still intact.
- stratum basale
- Second degree burns still have epidermis from ____ deeper in the dermis.
- hairs
- In third degree burns ____ cell are destroyed.
- all keratinocytes/ epithelial cells, past the hair follicles
- The most common type of cancer is ____ cell carcinoma, arising in the stratum ____.
- basal , basale
- ____ cell carcinomas are most common on the face, with most patients recovering.
- basale
- ____ cell carcinoma is the 2nd most common and most common on the ____ and ___.
- squamous, head, neck
- ____ is the deadliest skin cancer arising in ____.
- melanoma, melanocytes
- Melanoma can spread by entering the blood vessels of the ___.
- dermis