Research Methodology Book
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- What is the most commonly used method of selecting a probablity sample?
- Simple random sampling(SRS)
- How many ways are there of selecting a random sample? What are they?
-
Two ways.
* sampling w/o replacement
*sampling with replacement - What is the basic definition of randomisation?
- Each element has an equal and independent chance of selection.
- How many commonly used types of random sampling design are there?
-
There are three:
Simple random sampling (SRS);
Stratified random sampling;
Cluster sampling. - Name the methods used for the procedure of slecting a simple random sample.
- Fishbowl draw; table of random numbers; or a computer program.
- You can achieve greater accuracy in your [Stratified random sampling] estimate if...
- the heterogeneity in the population can be reduced.
- It is important that the characteristics chosen as the basis of stratification are __________ in the study population.
- clearly identifiable
- How many types of stratified sampling are there?
-
Two:
* proportionate; and
* disproportionate - This method does not take the size of the stratum into consideration in the selection of the sample.
- Disproportionate Stratified Sampling
- As the sample selected is in proportion to the size of each stratum in the population, this method is called ______________.
- Proportionate Stratified Sampling
- Simple random and stratified sampling techniques are based on a researcher's ability to...
- identify each element in a population.
- When the population is large, and it becomes difficult and expensive to identify each sampling unit, the use of ________ sampling is more appropriate.
- cluster
- _______ sampling is based on the ability of the researcher to divide the sampling population into groups, and then to select elements within each group, using the ________ techinque.
-
Cluster.
SRS. - Clusters can be formed on the basis of ________ or a _______ that has a correlation with the main variable of study (as in stratified sampling).
-
geographical proximity
common characteristic - What are the different stages of clustering?
- single, double, or multi
- __________ sampling designs are used when the number of elements in a population is either unknown or cannot be individually identified.
- Non-probability
- How many non-random/probability designs (aka non-random designs) are there? What are they?
-
Four -
* quota sampling
* accidental sampling
* judgemental or purpose sampling; and
* snowball sampling - Where are non-random/probablity designs commonly used?
- Qualitative and quantitative research.
- What is the main consideration directing quota sampling?
- The researcher's ease of access to the sample population.
- A researcher looking for convenience (e.g.,as in location), and specific visual characteristics would most likely use which sampling method?
- Quota
- What are the advantages of Quota Sampling?
- It is the least expensive way of selecting a sample; you do not need any information, such as sampling frame, the total number of elements, their location, or other information about the sampling population; and it guarantees the inclusion of the type of people you need.
- What are the disadvantages of Quota Sampling?
-
1) As the resulting sample is not a probability one, the findings cannot be generalized to the total sampling population; and
2) The most accessible individuals might have characteristics that are unique to them and hence might not be truly representative of the total sampling population. - Which sampling method attempts to include people possessing an obvious/visible characteristic?
- Quota Sampling
- Which sampling method guarantees the inclusion of the type of people that you need?
- Quota Sampling
- Which type of sampling is common among market research and newspaper reporters?
- Accidental Sampling
- Like quota sampling, _______ sampling is also based upon convenience in accessing the sampling population.
- accidental
- Accidental sampling makes no attempt to include...
- people possessing an obvious/visible characteristic.
- Which sampling method has more or less the same advantages and disadvantages as quota sampling?
- Accidental Sampling
- In accidental sampling, you are not guided by...
- any obvious characteristics.
- Since you are not guided by any obvious characteristics in accidental sampling, some people contacted may...
- not have the required information.
- In this type of sampling, the researcher only goes to those people who in her/his opinion are likely to have the required information and be willing to share it.
- Judgemental or Purposive Sampling
- The primary consideration in purposive sampling is the ______ of the researcher as to who can provide the best information to achieve the objectives of the study.
- judgment
- This type of sampling is extremely useful when you want to construct a historical reality, describe a phenomenon or develop something about which only a little is known.
- Judgemental or Purposive Sampling
- ______ sampling is the process of selecting a sample using networks.
- Snowball
- This sampling technique is useful if you know little about the group or organization you wish to study, as you only need to make contact with a few individuals, who can then direct you to the other members of the group.
- Snowball Sampling
- This method of selecting a sample is useful for studying communication patterns, decision making or diffusion of knowledge within a group.
- Snowball Sampling
- A drawback of this sampling technique is that the choice of the entire sample rests upon the choice of individuals at the first stage.
- Snowball Sampling
- It is difficult to use this technique when the sample becomes fairly large.
- Snowball Sampling
- The study in this sampling technique may become biased if the choice of individuals to be sampled belong to a particular faction or have strong biases.
- Snowball Sampling
- This sampling design has been classified under the 'mixed sampling' category because it has the characteristics of both ______ and ______ sampling designs.
-
Systematic.
random and non-random - In this sampling design, the sampling frame is first divided into a number of segments, called intervals.
- Systematic/'mixed' sampling design.
- The selection of subsequent elements from other intervals is dependent upon the order of the elements selected in the first interval. Which sampling design is this?
- Systematic/'mixed' sampling design
- To select a random sample one must have a ________.
- sampling frame
- True or False: Sometimes it is impossible to have a sampling frame, or obtaining one becomes too expensive.
- True
- When using the systematic sampling technique, the first step is to...
- determine the width of the interval.
- Your _________ is the main determinant of the level of accuracy required in the results.
- purpose in undertaking research
- In practice, what determines the size of your sample?
- Your budget.
- Sampling, in a way, is a trade-off between ____ and ____.
- accuracy and resources
- Through sampling you _______ about the information of interest.
- make an estimate
- True or False: Through sampling, you don't find the true population mean?
- True
- Sampling is guided by how many principles?
- Three
- Sampling designs can be classified as _______, _______, and _______.
- random/proability sampling designs, nonrandom/probability sampling designs, and 'mixed' sampling designs.
- For a sample to be called a random sample, each element in the study population must have...
- an equal and independent chance of selection.
- What three random designs were discussed in Kumar's book?
-
Simple Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Cluster Sampling - What are three commonly used methods of selecting a probability sample?
-
Fishbowl Technique
Table of Random Numbers
Specifically Designed Computer Programs - Systematic sampling is classified under the _____ category.
- 'mixed'
- Systematic sampling has the properties of both ______ and ______ sampling designs. Because of this, it is classified under the ____ category.
-
proability and non-probability.
'mixed' - It is the least expensive way of selecting a sample.
- Quota
- In this sampling method, you do not need any information such as sampling frame, the total number of elements, their location, or other information about the sampling population.
- Quota
- Qualitative and quantitative research are commonly used by _______ designs.
- non-random
- Snowball sampling is not very effective with _____ samples.
- large
- A researcher applying Judgemental/Purposive sampling uses people who...
- are likely to have the required information and are willing to share.
- Sampling with replacement and sampling w/o replacement are two ways of...
- selecting a random sample.
- Random, non-random, and mixed are three ways...
- sampling designs can be classified.
- Geographical proximity and common characteristics are two properties usually applied to ________ sampling.
- cluster
- By reducing _______, you can achieve greater accuracy in your stratified random sample estimate.
- heterogeneity
- Non-probability sampling designs are used when...
- the number of elements in a population is either unknown or cannot be individually identified.
- Accidental sampling is commonly used by...
- market research and newspaper reporters.
- Quota sampling is great when you want to guarantee the inclusion of...
- the type of people that you need.
- Which sampling method would make no effort to include people possessing an obvious/visible characteristic?
- Accidental
- Fishbowl technique, Table of Random Numbers, and specifically designed Computer Programs are used to...
- select a probability sample.