Psychology Ch.5 Vocab
Terms
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- A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience.
- learning
- The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.
- conditioning
- The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response.
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classical conditioning
also called respondent or Pavlovian conditioning - The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning.
- unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditional stimulus.
- unconditioned response (UCR)
- A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response.
- conditioned stimulus (CS)
- The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus.
- conditioned response (CR)
- The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other, similar stimuli as well.
- stimulus generalization
- The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli.
- stimulus discrimination
- The gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior. In classical conditioning, this occurs when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
- Extinction (in classical conditioning)
- The reappearance of previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
- spontaneous recovery
- School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the scientific study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning.
- behaviorism
- An individual's psychological and physiological responseto what is actually a fake treatment or drug.
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placebo response
also called placebo effect - A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when and organism becomes ill after eating the food.
- taste aversion
- In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses.
- biological preparedness
- Learning principle proposed by Thorndike that responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur i
- law of effect
- Skinner's term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences.
- operant
- The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response.
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operant conditioning
also called Skinnerian conditioning - The occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelyhood of that response being repeated.
- reinforcement
- A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations.
- positive reinforcement
- A situation in wchic a rosponse results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations.
- negative reinforcement
- A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities.
- primary reinforcer
- A stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value bye being associated with a primary reinforcer.
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conditioned reinforcer
also called a secondary reinforcer - The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior's being repeated.
- punishment
- A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus.
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punishment by application
or
positive punishment - A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus.
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punishment by removal
or
negative punishment - A specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforced.
- discriminative stimulus
- The experimental apparatus invented by B.F. Skinner to study the realtionship between environmental events and active behaviors.
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operant chamber
or
Skinner box - A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurence of a particular response is reinforced.
- continuous reinforcement
- A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer.
- partial reinforcement
- The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned behavior. In operant conditioning, this occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer.
- extinction (in operant conditioning)
- The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement.
- partial reinforcement effect
- The delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval between responses.
- schedule of reinforcement
- A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of responses has occurred.
- fixed-ratio (FR) schedule
- A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial.
- variable-ratio (VR) schedule
- A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a preset time interval has elapsed.
- fixed-interval (FI) schedule
- A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial.
- variable-interval (VI) schedule
- The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors.
- behavior modification
- Tolman's term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment.
- cognitive map
- Tolman's term for learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available.
- latent learning
- A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior.
- learned helplessness
- The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response.
- instinctive drift
- Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others.
- observational learning
- A classically conditioned response in which stimuli that reliably precede the administration of a drug elicit a physiological reaction that counteracts, or it opposite to, the drug's effects.
- conditioned compensatory response (CCR)
- The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer appoximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed.
- shaping