Glossary of Personality 3
Created by brianna2webb
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- describe what kelly meant by man-as-scientist
- people generate and test hypotheses constantly in their world and insert new info into previously made template. if the info fits, they keep the template. if it does not, they will change their template.
- personal constructs
- cognitive structures we use to interpret and predict events
- how can personal constructs be described?
- they are bipolar, ie nice v mean, then fine tuned
outwardly nice
humanitarian nice
etc
- What about our personal construct system will determine our perception
- which constructs we use
how we organize and prioritize these constructs - what is assessed first
- according to personal construct system theory, how do psychological disorders develop?
- develop through anxiety because our personal constructs fail to make sense of the world; this leads to people with psychological disorders failing to accommodate new info
people who are well-adjusted will adjust their construct
- cognitive affective units
- encodings, expectations and beliefs, affects, goals and values, etc that will affect behaviors, which will then affect situational perception
features of situations -> cog affective sys -> bxs
- schemas
- hypothetical cog structures that help us perceive, organize, process and use information; all of which allows us to make sense of the world
- what are the benefits of schemas?
- help to perceive features of our environ - for example, what is attention grabbing and salient to me - allows info to be processed more quickly with well built schema
- self schemas
- cognitive reps of ourselves that we use to organize and process self-relevat info; contains bxs and attributes most imp to us
- possible selves
- cognitive reps of the kind of person we might be one day; fairly stable over time
- what are the functions of possible selves
- incentive for future bx (will this take me closer or further from my possible self?)
help us interp the meaning of our bx and the events in our lives
- self discrepancy theory
- when the actual, ought, and ideal self do not match -> disappointment
- according to kelly, when do people seek therapy
- when ppl cannot understand or predict their life with their existing constructs
- fixed role therapy
- fake it til you make it; create role of what it would look like if you were handling the situation well and all of its cognitions and behaviors
- what are the goal of rational emotive therapy
- 1 clients must se how they rely on their irrational beliefs nd thereby ID the fault of their reasoning
2 therapist works with client to replace irrational beliefs with rational ones
- What are the major strengths of the cog approach
- dvlpd through empirical research findings -> modified with new findings
first with current mood of psy, so it complements other regions
cog approaches to psy therapy have become popular in past years
- what are the criticisms of cbt?
- constructs sometimes too abstract for empirical research
are constructs needed to acct for differences in indiv bx? may lack parsimony
no single model of the cog approach to personality - how do these constructs relate to one another and other info processing s/a memory
- where are the roots of cbt?
- gestalt - philosophical mvmt that asserts we are all perceptual beings searching for meaning and we organize all sensations into meaningful perceptions intuitively
- how would kelly most likely characterize himself?
- existentialist
- according to kelly, what are the benefits of trying to make sense of the world
- continuity
abiliy to predict
- particularistic self schema
- cog generalizations about the self derived for past expce that organize and guide the processing of self related info
- cog restructuring
cbt - therapeutic task might be to reframe something - yes, it was tragic, but what did you learn?
- what are the goals of of kelly therapy
- dvlp new constructs - whole new room
reshape construct hierarchies
modify old constructs - remodel room
- assumptions of the REP test
- constructs generalize to other situations
constructs have some permanence
listed people represent types of people we interact with
ppl can describe the constructs they use
- what are the benefits of clinical analysis of the rep test
- helps therapists id problematic constructs
preempting constructs (ie stereotyping broadly)
provides info on how client sees self
- cognitive complexity
- how elaborate or simple a indivs system of personal constructs is
- how is a person cognitive complexity indicated
- number of constructs
how they relate to one another; if constructs touch ea other, more complexity
- what are advantages to complexity
- greater complexity assists in better understanding others which improves communication -> more sensitive to perspectives of others, more persuasive, better able to deal with ambiguity and thus stress
- how might level of self complexity may affect proness to depression and ability to deal with stress how
- by having more constructs, we can use another construct if one is not going well
- the cognitive triad
- negative thoughts abt self
pessimistic about future
interp ongoing experiences negatively
- depressive schema
- attend to negative info
ignore positive info
interp ambiguous info as negative
-> more likely to become depressed
- evidence of a depressive schema
- remember depression-assocd words better
have greater access to depressing memories
- strongest learned helplessness if attributes are
- internal, stable, and global
- describe the general aggression model
- social encounter interact with the person/situation -> hostile thoughts and emotions or aggression scripts -> appraisal and decision -> thoughtful action OR impulsive action
- aggressive cognitions
- aggression relation thoughts and emotions that are more readily made by some indivs over others due to personal and situational factors
- what affects how accessible an indivs aggressive cognitions are?
- more accessible when exposure to aggressive stimuli is recent or frequent
- aggressive bx scripts
- potential patterns of behavior that have been learned and sometimes practiced; in many cases of aggression, is learned through modeling
- aggressive cognitions do not only trigger aggression bx scripts, but also affect
- the way we interp situations (more likely to interp/expect as threat)
- what are the 8 major concepts of humanism
- field of experience
self as a process
the ideal self
self-actualizing tendency
personal power
congruence and incongruence
obstacles to growth
fully functioning person
- according to rogers, what is the only motive
- self-actualizing tendency
- self-actualizing tendency
- part of human nature
1 urge relevant in human life - expand, dvlp
2 implies that nature is to grow, and we must be aware of things that impede our growth
- what are obstacles to growth?
humanism - conditions of worth (having feelings on conditional positive regard)
growth of the false self image (you must be a certain way to be good)
- what did maslow id as being traits of psy healthy people
- self acceptance
less shaped by cultural norms
creative approach
fewer but more rewarding friendships
have appreciation for experiences in life
peak experiences - not necessary
- deprivation of b-values may lead to
- metapathology - the lack of a meaningful philosophy of life, as sense of meaning -> well being
- why do people run from self fulfillment
- jonah complex: fear of being the best that one can be
- characteristics of the optimal expce
csik - activity reqs skill
indivs attn is completely absorbed by the activity
activity has clear goals and clear feedback
one can only concentrate on task at hand
one achieves sense of personal control
lose self-consciousness
lose sense of time
- what are the four major elements of the humanistic approach
- personal responsibility
the here and now
the phenomenology of the indiv
personal growth
- personal responsibility
humanism - people play active role in shaping life, with freedom to change lmtd only by phys constraints; goal of therapists: clients accept that they have the power to be/do what they desire
- here and now
humanism - learn to live lives as they happen
not victims of the past -> past guided you to today, but it is not an anchor
- phenomenology of the individual
humanism - you know you best
- personal growth
humanism - natural to development unless obstacles block growth -> indiv does not put indiv back on track, only s/he can do that
- fully functioning
- ppl who reach goal of optimal sense of satis after naturally striving for it
- disorganization
rogers - anxiety and defense - extreme anxiety that results from our self-concept and reality being so different that our defenses are inadequate
- what are misconceptions about maslow need hierarchy?
- -there are exceptions
-needs do not need to be one hundred percent satisfied
-described by maslow as universal, but he claimed means vary across cultures
-bxs not motivated by single needs
- according to csik, how can the optimal experience and happiness occur in everyday activities?
- live life to the fullest by discovering what makes us feel alive (ie optimal experience) and doing it (ie during work)
- person centered therapy
- therapetuic job is not changing clients but to provide atmosphere within which clients are able to help selves -> therapist helps client get back on growth track -> after therapy, client should be more open to personal expce and to accept all aspects of selves -> more fully funcing
- what are the strengths of the hum approach?
- positive approach with focus on healthy psychology
highly adopted therapeutic approach
applicable to other areas - edu, workplace
- criticisms of the hum approach
- reliance on concept of free will
key concepts not well defined
research supported but conducted in criticized manner
lmtd applicability to mental disorder
assumptions made
- self disclosure
rogers - necessary for understand oneself because putting feelings into words allows us to understand feelings in a new way -> ability to become self actualized
- how are levels of disclosure perceived in females? males?
- higher levels positively correlate with being better adjusted; opposite true for males
- females better liked when disclosing about
- parents or sexual attitudes, but not aggression levels
- loneliness
hum perspective - loneliness may represent an existential anxiety and a need to find meaning in life
- two major causes of loneliness
- negative expectations and poorly developed social skills
- global SE
- overall evaluation we have about ourselves
- what does the global SE result from
- 1. id contingencies of self worth
2. form eval of self based on how we do in these areas
- when internally based pros of contingencies of self worth and its affect on self esteem
- do not have to be at everything to have high SE
- benefits of solitude
- self restoration
emotional renewal
time for contemplation
intellectual, spiritual, creative dvlpmt
anonymity (act how you want to)