Pathology I
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- What is hydropic swelling? What are the morphological characteristics?
- An increase in cell volume characterized by a large, pale cytoplasm and a normally located nucleus.
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T/F:
Hydropic swelling is completely reversible if the cause is removed. - True
- Where is the cell does fluid preferntially accumulate in hydropic swelling?
- In the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum.
- What are the 3 levels of intracellular Na+ and volume regulation?
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1. Plasma membrane
2. Membrane sodium pump
3. Supply of ATP - What are three ways an agent can interfere with membrane regulation of Na+ concentration?
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1. Increase permeability of membrane to Na+
2. Damage pump directly
3. Interfere with supply of ATP - Does an increase or decrease in intracellular [Na+] cause the cell to swell?
- An increase.
- What are two ultrastructural changes that can occur to the ER in reversible cell damage?
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1. Distension by fluid accumulation
2. Disaggregation of membrane-bound ribosomes - What is the typical effect of ischemia on mitochondria?
- Swelling.
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T/F:
Detachment of blebs from the plsma membrane causes a loss of cell viability. - False: This usually does not involve loss of cell viability.
- Name the 6 major adaptive response a cell may have to persistent stress.
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1. Atrophy
2. hypertrophy
3. Hyperplasia
4. Metaplasia
5. Dysplasia
6. Intracelllular storage - What is the basic definition of atrophy?
- A decrease in the size and function of a cell.
- Name 6 common causes of atrophy in cells.
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1. Reduced functional demand
2. Inadequate supply of O2
3. Insufficient nutrients
4. Interruption of trophic signals
5. Persistent cell injury
6. Aging - What is the most common cause of persistent cell injury?
- Chronic inflammation associated with prolonged viral or bacterial infection.
- What is the basic definition for hypertrophy?
- An increase in the size of a cell accompanied by an augmentes functional capacity.
- Name two causes of hypertrophy.
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1. In response to hormones
2. Due to increased functional demand - What is the basic definition of hyperplasia?
- An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.
- What are three causes of hyperplasia?
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1. hormonal stimulation
2. increased functional demand
3. persistent cell injury - What is the basic definition of metaplasia? What is the most common sequence of metaplasia?
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*The conversion of one differentiated cell type to another
*replacement of glandular epithelium by squamous - What is the basic definion of dysplasia?
- An alteration in the size, shape, and organization of the cellular components of a tissue.
- What makes dysplasia particularly ominous?
- It typically represents a preneoplastic lesion.
- What is anthracosis?
- The storage of carbon particles in the lung and regional lymph nodes.
- List the five main types of necrosis.
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1. Coagulative
2. Liquefactive
3. Fat
4. Caseous
5. Fibrinoid - Describe three morphological changes seen in the nucleus during coagulative necrosis.
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1. Pyknosis - nucleus shrinks and becomes basophilic
2. Karyorrhexis - nucleus fragments and scatters
3. Karyolysis - nucleus is extruded - What occurs in liuefactive necrosis?
- Necrotic cells are digested into a liguid viscous mass.
- In what organ does fat necrosis often occur?
- Pancreas.
- Describe the gross appearance of fat necrosis.
- An irregular, chalky white area embedded in otherwise normal adipose tissue.
- With what disease is caseous necrosis typically associated?
- TB
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T/F:
Cells that are killed by coagulative necrosis retain their cellular outlines. - True.