PR Bio
Terms
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Cellular location and end products (per glucose) for:
Glycolysis
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Kreb cycle
Electron Transport
Fermentation -
Glycolysis: cytoplasm, end products = 2ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
Pyruvate dehydrogenase: mito matrix, end products = 2NADH, 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2
Kreb cycle: mito matrix, end products = 6NADH, 2 GTP, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2
Electron transport: inner mito membrane, end product = proton gradient
Fermentation: cytoplasm, end products = 2 ATP, 2 lactic acid (muscle) or 2 ethanol (yeast) - Three major types of macromolecules, their monomers and their funtions
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Carbohydrates: monosaccharide unit; energy
Protein: amino acid; channels, pores, hormones, enzymes, etc
Nucleic acids: nucleotides, DNA (genetic info), RNA (protein synthesis) - RNA
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single stranded, bases A,G,C,U; sugar ribose.
mRNA = translated to make protein.
rRNA = needed to make a functional ribosome
tRNA = carries an amino acid to a growing protein - Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes = no nucleus or organelles; 3 different DNA polymerases and i RNA polymerase; mRNA is polycistronic; single circular chromosome; no mRNA processing
Eukaryotes - nucleus and other organelles; 1 DNA polymerase and 3 different RNA polymerases; mRNA is monocistronic; several linear chromosomes; mRNA must be processed before translation. - 3 life cycles of a virus
- lytic, lysogenic, productive
- 3 shapes of bacteria
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round - coccus
rod shaped - bacillus
sprial - spirochete -
rough ER
smooth ER
centrosome
peroxisome -
holds ribosomes that are synthesizing secreted or membrane proteins, protein modification
lipid metabolism
mitotic spindle formation
eliminates free radicals -
Depolarize
Hyperpolarize
Repolarize -
depolarize = move away from rest potential in positive direction
Hyperpolarize = move away from rest in negative direction
Repolarize = return to rest
Voltage-gated Na+ channels depolarize
voltage-gated K+ channels hyperpolarize/repolarize - adrenal medulla's effect on sympathetic effects
- adrenal medulla produces epinephrine which can bind to NE receptors prolongs/increases sympathetic effects
- 5 classes of sensory receptors
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mechanoreceptors - shape changes, hearing receptors, touch receptors
thermoreceptors - temperature, hot/cold receptors
pain receptors = pain, all over body
chemoreceptors = chemicals, smell, taste, CO2 receptors
Photoreceptors = light, rods/cones - Endocrine vs. exocrine
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endocrine = secrete hormones directly into blood
exocrine = secrete various products through ducts onto body surface or cavity - peptide hormone vs. steroid hormone
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peptide hormone = amino-acid based, bind to extracellular receptors, fast acting; adrenaline, insulin, thyroid hormone
steroid hormone = cholesterol based, bind to intracellular receptors. slow acting; estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol - anterior gland vs. posterior gland
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anterior pituitary gland = gland tissue (adenohypophysis)
posterior pituitary gland = nervous tissue (neurohypophysis) - growth hormone
- anterior pituitary, exercise/other hormones, targets all cells, growth/cell turnover
- prolactin
- anterior pituitary, nursing, targets mammary glands, breask milk production
- TSH
- anterior pituitary, low thyroid hormone, targets thyroid, increase thyroid hormone
- ACTH
- anterior pituitary, low corticosteroids, targets adrenal cortex, release of corticosteroids
- FSH
- anterior pituitary, low sex steroids, target ovaries/testes, egg/sperm maturation
- LH
- anterior pituitary, low sex steroids, targets ovaries/testes, ovulation/progesterone/testosterone release
- oxytocin
- posterior pituitary, nursing/labor, targets reproductive smooth muscle, labor/milk ejection
- ADH
- posterior pituitary, high blood osmolarity, targets kidney tubules, retain water
- thyroid hormone
- thyroid gland, low metabolism, targets all cells, high metabolism
- aldosterone
- from adrenal cortex, low blood pressure, targets kidney tubules, high Na+ retention
- Cortisol
- from adrenal cortex, stress, targets liver, high blood flucose
- estrogen
- from developing follicle, FSH, targets uterus and othe rbody cells, high lining and female sex characteristics
- Progesterone
- from corpus luteum, LH, targets uterus, maintains lining
- testosterone
- from Sertoli cells (testes), FSH, targets sperm/other body cells, sperm production and male sex charasteristics
- Insulin
- from pancreas, high blood flucose, targets all cells, reduce blood glucose
- Glucagon
- from pancreas, low blood glucose, targets liver, high blood glucose
- layers of the alimentary canal from the lumen outward
- mucosa, submucosa, circular muscularis, longitudinal muscularis, serosa