Nutrition Exam 2
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- What do plants use to produce carbs?
- CO2 and H2O
- What elements make up carbs?
- C, H, O
- What is the chemical formula for monosaccharides?
- C6 H12 O6
- What are the 3 major groups of monosaccharides?
-
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose - List the monosaccharides and the sources of each.
-
glucose-> blood sugar, fruits
fructose-> fruits, honey
galactose-> breakdown of lactose - List the disaccharides and sources of each.
-
maltose-> 2 glucose (barley)
sucrose-> 1 glucose, 1 fructose (table sugar)
lactose-> 1 glucose, 1 galactose (milk) - Name the Polysaccharides and the sources of each.
-
starch-> wheat, rice, legumes, potatoes, soy
glycogen-> stored in body
fibers-> pectin, gums, mucilages - What are polysaccharides composed of?
-
starch-> 100s to 1000s of glucose
glycogen-> up to 100,000 glucose
fibers-> cellulose, hemicellulose - Significance of glyocogen
- highly branched chains permit rapid hydrolysis, producing energy (GLYCOGEN)
- Which polysaccharides provide energy?
- Glycogen and Starch
- Which are fibers?
-
cellulose
hemicellulose
pectins
gums
mucilages - Digestion of starch
-
mouth->starch->dextrins->maltose
stomach-no digestion of carbs
sm. intest- amylase, maltase,sucrase, lactase
end product-monosaccharides -
Lactose intolerance
define, symptoms -
deficiency of lactose
ab cramps, gas, diarrhea -
Percent of world's adult pop. w/lactose intolerance?
who in US most likely? -
75% of adults
Asian & Native Americans most likely - end products of CHO digestion
- monosaccharides
- absorption and transportation of monosaccharides to heart
-
sm intest, portal route
villi-> portal vein-> liver-> hepatic vein-> heart - glucose metabolism
- cells use glucose for energy, glucose stored as glycogen, sometiems converted to fat
- where is glycogen stored?
-
1/3=liver=glucose reserve
2/3=muscles=enercy source - functions of carbs
-
energy 4kcal/g
brain (uses 100-130 g), nerves, RBCs
glycogen reserves
protein sparing action
fat catabolsim - glocogenisis
-
make glucose from non-carb source (major source: body proteins)
when? skip b-fast, low carb intake, anorexics - blood gluose hormose
-
insulin- lowers BG
glucagon- raises BG - normal range of BG
- 70-99 mg/dl
-
hypoglycemia
typical level, symptoms -
<40-50 mg/100 ml
nausea, dizzy, irritable - sources of carbs
- broccoli, bread, apricots, milk, kidney beans
- carbs- RDA
- 25%?
- why eat breakfast
-
blood sugar & glycogen source
perf./ phys & cog learning
skipping may dec. met. rate
maintain weight loss
better blood lipid levels - good breakfast
-
whole grains, fruits, beggies, non-fat milk, protein
400-1000 kcals - soluble fiber
- may lower risk of heart disease, control weight, oats & legumes, lower bllod cholesterol
- insoluble fiber
- precents constipation, wheat bran
-
rec. intake
men, women -
men under 50: 38g/day
women under 50: 25g/day - sources of fiber
-
cereal 0-15g
legumes 6-16g
fruits 1-4g
veggies 0-4g
breads .5-3g - + health effects of fiber
- diabetes, GI health, cancer, weight management