Marieb Chapter 1
Terms
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- The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to each other?
- Anatomy
- The study of the function of organism and how its works?
- Physiology
- Study of visible structures which can be seen by the naked eye?
- Gross Anatomy (macro)
- Study of structures not visible to the human eye, only visible by microscope?
- Microscopic anatomy
- Study of structures in a particular region of the body, EX: Head, cranium, skull?
- Regional anatomy
- Study of a specific system and its travel path?
- Systemic anatomy
- Relationship of body structures to overlying skin structures?
- Surface anatomy
- The level of structural organization that contains atoms, molecules, and organelles?
- Chemical level
- The level of structural organization that contains cells (made up from molecules)?
- Cellular Level
- The level of structural organization that is the smallest unit of life?
- Cellular Level
- The level of structural organization that is a group of similar cells that have a common function?
- Tissue Level
- Types of tissue found in the tissue level? CMEN
- epithelium, muscle, connective, nervous
- Type of tissue that covers the surface and line cavities?
- Epithelium
- Type of tissue that provides movement?
- Muscle
- Type of tissue that supports and protects body organs?
- Connective
- Type of tissue that provides the means for transmitting electrical impulses?
- Nervous
- The level of structural organization with at least 2 types of tissue that perform a specfic function?
- Organ
- The level of structural organization that have organs working closely together to accomplish a common purpose?
- Organ System
- The level of structural organization, highest level of organization, all systems working together?
- Organism
- A necessary life function that keeps inside seperate from outside?
- maintaining boundaries
- Maintaining bounderies at a micro level, example?
- Plasma membrane around the cell.
- Maintaining bounderies at a macro level, example?
- Skin covering the skeletalon and muscles.
- A necessary life function that promotes movement (muscular system) and provides the framework (skeletal)?
- Movement
- Movement on a cellular level is called?
- Contractility
- A necessary life function has the ability to sense changes and respond, EX: nervous sys?
- Responsiveness
- Responsiveness is also known as?
- Irratibility
- What is the term when the organsism is over stimulated?
- Highly irritable
- A necessary life function that is the process of breaking down food into molecules?
- Digestion
- A necessary life function that is largely regulated by hormones, EX: Endocrine Sys?
- Metabolism
- Two types of metabolism?
- Catabolism and Anabolism
- The building up part of metabolism?
- Anabolism
- The breaking down part of metabolism?
- Catabolism
- A necessary life function that helps the body via the digestive system to rid the body of indigestible food and urea?
- Excretion
- A necessary life function that has both cellular and organismal levels?
- Reproduction
- Type of reproduction that allow (mother)original cells to divide into two identical daughter cells?
- Cellular reproduction
- Type of reproduction that is formed by the combination of egg and sperm?
- Organismal reproduction
- A necessary life function that increase in the size of a part of the body or entire body?
- Growth
- Type of survival need that has carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and minerals for energy and cell building?
- Nutrients
- Type of survival need that helps to release energy from nutrients?
- Oxygen
- Type of survival need that provides necessary environment for chemical reactions?
- Water
- Type of survival need normally 98F/37C, random movements by the muscular system to maintain and produce this?
- Normal body temperature
- Type of survival need that is described as the force of the air exerted on the surface of the body?
- Atmospheric pressure
- Termed the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions?
- Homeostasis
- What are the 3 INDEPENDANT components of homeostasis?
- Receptor, Control center, Effector
- Type of component that senses stimuli?
- Receptor
- Type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes?
- Receptor
- Determines the range of a variable, analyzes and responds?
- Control Center
- The factor or event being regulated?
- Variable
- Part that provides the means for control center response to stimuli?
- Effector
- Type of feedback that shutts off stimulus variable so to revert back to normal?
- Negative Feedback
- Type of feedback which enhances stimulus so change occurs in same direction?
- Positive Feedback
- If blood glucose level is too high, what type of feedback is used to return it to normal?
- Negative
- If insulin is too high, what type of feedback will return levels to normal?
- negative
- What acts as the receptor for glucose during negative feedback of Excessive glucose?
- Cells of the pancreas
- What acts as the effector for excessive glucose?
- Liver
- What is an example of Positive feedback?
- Think blood clotting, or labor
- What is the appeal of anatomy and why?
- Anatomy is concrete, body structures can be seen, felt, and examined.
- Physiology is explainable only in terms of?
- The underlying anatomy
- You use this type of anatomy to feel for pulses and draw blood?
- Surface anatomy
- Type of anatomy that traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout life?
- Developmental anatomy
- Type of developmental anatomy that concerns developmental changes that occur before birth?
- Embryology
- Type of anatomy that studies structural changes caused by disease?
- Pathological anatomy
- Type of anatomy that studies internal structuress as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures?
- Radiographic anatomy
- Type of anatomy that studies subcellular level?
- molecular biology
- Type of physiology that concerns kidney function and urine production?
- Renal Physiology
- Type of physiology that explains the workings of the nervous system?
- neurophysiology
- Type of physiology that examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels?
- cardiovascular physiology
- Anatomy provides a ______ image, and physiology reveals the body's ________ nature?
- static, dynamic
- In the principle of complementary of structure and function, ________ always reflects _______?
- Function always reflects structure.
- The simplest level of the structural heiarchy?
- chemical level
- Tiny building block of matter?
- Atom
- Atoms combine to form?
- molecules
- Molecules associate in specific ways to form?
- organelles
- Basic components of the microscopic cell?
- Organelle (mitochondria, lysosome, peroxisome)
- Smallest units of all living things?
- Cells
- Each organ is a specialized function center because?
- Responsible for a necessary activity that no other organ can perform.
- Represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to promote life?
- Organismal level
- The muscles systems cells ability to move by shortening is called?
- contractility
- All chemical reactions that occur within the body cells is termed?
- Metabolism
- Using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP?
- Cellular respiration
- The energy rich molecules that power cellular activity?
- ATP
- Metabolism depends on which systems to make and distribute nutrients and oxygen?
- Digestive and Respiratory (for nutrients and oxygen), and cardiovascular to deliver.
- The process of removing excreta or waste from the body?
- Excretion
- What body systems participate in excretion?
- Digestive, urinary, respiratory
- Rids the body of indigestible food residues in feces?
- Digestive system
- Disposes of nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes such as urea in urine?
- Urinary System
- Rids the body of carbon dioxide, which is carried to the lungs, where it leaves the body through exhalation?
- Respiratory system
- For true growth to occur _________ activities must occur at a faster rate than __________ activities?
- Constructive, destructive
- Is accomplished by increasing the number of cells?
- Growth
- The ultimate goal of all body systems is to?
- maintain life
- What are the survival needs to maintain life? WONNA
- nutrients, oxygen, water, normal temperature, and atmospheric pressure
- Type of nutrient that acts as the main energy fuel for body cells?
- Carbohydrates
- Type of nutrient that is essential for building cell structures?
- Proteins and fats
- Type of nutrient that cushion body organs, form insulating layers, and provide a reserve of energy-rich fuel?
- Fats
- Which mineral helps to make bones hard and is required for blood clotting?
- Calcium
- The chemical reactions that release energy from food are what type of reactions?
- Oxidative reaction
- Oxidative reaction require what element to perform?
- Oxygen (O)
- Oygen is made available to the blood and body cells by cooperative efforts by which systems?
- Respiratory and cardiovascular
- Accounts for 60 to 80% of body weight?
- Water
- Is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body?
- Water (H2O)
- What happens to chemical reaction if the body temperature drops below 37C/98F?
- Metabolic reactions become slower and slower, and finally stop
- Water is obtained for use in the body from?
- ingested food or liquids
- What happens if the body temperature gets to high?
- Chemical reactions occur at a frantic pace and body proteins lose their characteristic shape and stop functioning.
- Breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depend on?
- appropriate atmospheric pressure
- At high altitudes what happens to atmospheric pressure?
- It is lower and the air is thin, gas exchange may be inadequte to support cellular metabolism.
- Function always reflects?
- Structure
- The simplest level of the structural hierarchy?
- Chemical level
- Give example of chemical level?
-
2 Hydrogen + Oxygen=
H2O -
Finish the line:
atoms-molecule-__________-__________? - Organelles, Cells
-
Necessary life functions?
(MR MD GERM)think - Maintaining bounderies, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth.
- The integumentary system helps to maintain?
- bounderies
- Includes the activites promoted by the muscular system?
- Movement
- Internal and external movement examples?
- propelling ourselves forward like in running, and the movement of foodstuffs through the digestive system
- The breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood?
- Digestion
- Forms the external body covering?
- Integumentary system
- Protects deeper tissue from injury?
- Integumentary system
- Synthesizes Vitamin D?
- Integumentary system
- Site of cutaneous pain, pressure, etc, receptors?
- Integumentary system
- Contains sweat and oil glands?
- Integumentary system
- Protects and supports body organs?
- Skeletal system
- Provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement?
- Skeletal system
- Formes blood cells and stores mineral (red bone marrow and calcium)?
- Skeletal system
- Allows manipulation of environment, locomotion?
- Muscular System
- Allow facial expressions?
- Muscular System
- Maintains posture?
- Muscular System
- Produces heat?
- Muscular System
- Fast-acting control system of the body?
- Nervous system
- Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands?
- Nervous system
- Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth?
- Endocrine System
- Regulate reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells?
- Endocrine System
- Blood vessels transport blood?
- Cardiovascular System
- Carries oxygen to body organs and carbon dioxide away from body organs?
- Cardiovascular System
- Carries nutrients, waste from the body through veins and arteries?
- Cardiovascular System
- Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood?
- Lymphatic/Immunity System
- Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream?
- Lymphatic/Immunity System
- Houses white blood cells involved in immunity?
- Lymphatic/Immunity System
- Attacks foreign substances within the body?
- Lymphatic/Immunity System
- Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide? (gas exchange)
- Respiratory System
- Gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs?
- Respiratory System
- Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells?
- Digestive System
- Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces?
- Digestive System
- Eliminatee nitrogenous waste from the body?
- Urinary System
- Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-based balance of the blood?
- Urinary System
-
Type of metabolism that breaks down substances into their simpler building blocks?
Ex: polysaccharide to monosaccharide - Catabolism (Cata=down)
- Synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances? Ex:
- Anabolism (ana=up)
- Use of nutrients and oxygen produce ATP via?
- Cellular respiration
- The survival needs? (WONNA)
- Water, oxygen, nutrients, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure
- Accounts for 60-80% of body weight?
- Water
- The chemical reactions that release energy from food is?
- Oxidative
- Head, neck and trunk make up this division of the body?
- Axial
- Limbs, appendages make up this division of the body?
- Appendicular
- Two fundemental divisions of the body?
- Axial, Appendicular
- a&P
- done