MICROBIOLOGY UNIT I and II exam
Terms
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Father of Microbiology
First to document shapes of bacteria , made over 250 microscopes - Anton Von Leeuwenhook
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Father of Bacteriology-disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and postulated germ theory.
Developed Preventative RX for Rabies, helped wine makers by dev'ing process to lessen amount of bacteria in wine by warming - Louis Pasteur
- Developed lab techniques including staining, agar -solidifying agent, smears and discovered the cause of anthrax, proved germ theory
- Robert Koch
- First to apply antiseptic rx for wound infections Father of ANTISEPTIC SURGERY, used phenol on wounds
- Joseph Lister
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Father of Chemotherapy
discovered magic bullet- new drugs for disease- salvarsan compound 606 for rx of gonorrhea - Paul Erlich
- discovered etiological agent of gonorrhea
- A. Neisser
- Discovered penecillin and lysozymes
- Alexander Fleming
- Crystalized the 1st virus
- Wendall Stanley
- gave first info on the structure of rna and dna by building large models
- Watson and Creek
- used tissue cultures to grow viruses
- Edna Steinhardt
- Worked on pathology of scarlet fever
- Gladys Dick
- introduced the use of embryonated chicken eggs to grow viruses
- Alice Woodruff
- Discovered the first vaccination for small pox using variolation a qualitative experiment where pustular material of small pox placed on an uninfected person-became resistant to infection.
- the study of biological classification , classifies, names and identifies characteristics
- TAXONS- arrangements
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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
(kings play chess on fine green squares) -
Spontaneous generation/abiogenesis
vs. biogenesis - Biogenesis- belief that all living things come from living things
- Microbiology definition
- The study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye
- List /explain the branches of microbiology
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Bacteriology Immunology
Virology
Mycology
Parasitology -
List the differences between
Eucaryotes and procaryotes -
1.Pro-no true nuc EU- tr. nuc
2. no nuc membr eu-cell mem
3.1chromo per cell- many
4. has only protopl eu-cytopl and nucleop
5. bacteria eu-yeast molds para and animals - Ubiquity of Microbes- means
- That microbes are everywhere on everything and aseptic techniques are needed
- describe and discuss Binomial Nomenclature
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binomial- 2 nomenclature-names -system that helps scientists classify allthings
using the Genera and species - Five Kingdom System by Cornell Whitaker
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are divided by cellular organization, and nutritional pattern
Procaryote-bacteria, Protista-protozoa, Fungi-yeasts Animalia-mammals, Plantae-multicellular, photosynthetic -
Magnification
Resolution -
mag-to make larger by curving light waves
res-to define, clarif and separate characteristics depends on amount of light -
Parfocal
Refraction -
par=in focus at one obj will be close to in focus at others
Ref-bending of light as it passes from 1 sub to another - kinds of microscopes and their values
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LIGHT .2=common multipurp
UV-.2 bes for diagnosis-dyes
ELECTRON-TEM trnsmiss.5nm dinest detail struct of cells virusesSEM SCAn-10nm3 dem image external surface - Explain the use of Oil Immersion
- maximizes resolving power by forming a continuous medium to transmit a beam of light from condenser to obj-increases numerical aperture (efficiency of lens bending light)
- Germ Theory of Disease
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Diseases arise from the infection of a subject with certain microbes
pastuer studied, koch proved - First successful vaccination
- by Edward Jenner, involving small pox vaccination, using variolation
- significance of work of leeuwenhoek
- bacteriology father because he was the fist to produce precise correct descriptions of organims using micros he made himself.
- compare the magnifying abilities of light and electron microscopes
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2000x for light and UV
100,000x for SEM
1,000,000 for TEM - compare spherical an dchromatic aberration
- spherial aberration is caused by irregularities in the lens that cause an object to have a curved appearance- chromatic ab-rainbow like image caused by lens acting like a prism breaking out colors from white light
- Antibiosis (not an objective)
- process by which one organims produces chemicals that inhibit growth of others, ex, penicillium
- functions /purposes of types of light microscopes
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brghtfld
darkfield
phasecontrast
flourescent - beneficial industry of microbes
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antibiotics
baking/beer/fermentation/
decomposers/scrubbing technology ex. oil spill eating bacteria, - UNIT II composition of structures found in eucaryotic cells but not procaryotic cells
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nucleus
golgi apparatus
INCREASED ribosomes
lysosomes, mitochondria -
II Bacterial plasma membrane
internal structure, and description - made up of phospholipids and protein, thin fragile, living dynamic structure which surrounds protoplasm regulates movemint into/out of cell, secretes toxins, enzyomes, active transport
- II typical cell structure contains
- cell membrane, nuclear material, organelles engaged in metabolic functions (ribos) and inclusions(non living molec. sulfur granule, etc can be used for energy)
- II Shapes of bacteria
- Cocci, bacilli, spirals, in singles, diplo, strepto, staphylo, micro, tetra, palisades, vibrios and pleomorphic
- II structures within the procaryote vs eucaryote
- pro-nucleoid, protoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall ( pro), eucaryotes have nucleus, cyto and nucleoplasm organelles- more ribosomes in euc.,
- II desc. production of an endospore and how it enables bact to survive harsh environs
- sporeformer starts elongating chromosomal material, an end of this string becomes surrounded and cinched by the cell membrane, after which it dev. it's own hard capsule. calcium within the spore helps expel water and when the outer mother cell dies, the spore will survive dormant but viable until conditions improve and it then becomes vegetative
- II organelles in the eucaryotic cell not found in procaryotes
- Nucleus, Golgi complex, mitchodria, chloroplasts, cytoskeleton,
- II special structures found in some bacteria and their function
- Pilus-genetic distrib, Fimbrae-adhes, flagella, capsules-protect, slime layers-adhesion
- location of flagella and endospore
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exospore-outside
sporangium,
endo
amphi, lopho, a, peri - compare and contrast the locationand function of spores/and capsules
- the capsule is a surface structure on the outside of a vegetative cell,which protects it , spores are dormant yet viable complete cells that will become vegetative cells when conditions are habitable but stay dormant in adverse conditions.
- discuss microbial genetics
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the language of the cell. DNA
genetics is the study of the transfer of information between biological entities. -
macromolecules=definition
examples of macromols - large molecular compounds assembled from smaller subunits, notably biochemicals
- Define Genome
- the sum total of genetic material in a cell
- Dfine recombination
- type of genetic transfer in which dna from one organism is donated to another
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dfine transformation
(griffithsclassicexperiment) - chromosome released by a lysed cell breaks into fragments small enough to be accepted by a recipeint cell and that dna retains it's genetic code, nonspecific accceptance by bacterial cell of small fragments by bacterial dna is transformation
- transduction
- PiggyBACK DNA the process by which a bacteriaophage serves as a carrier of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell is transduction
- flagella arrangements
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atrichous- none
amphitrichous-on each end
peritrichous=scattered around
lophotrichous bunch at one end - usual method of reproduction in bact. cell
- binary fission
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catabolism
anabolism
metabolism -
-breaking down to sm.molec
-building up of sm molec to large
-the sum of all cellular chemical and physical activities - define enzyme and role in metabolism
- speed up reactions by lowering energy of activation-- makes metabolism possible. enzymes can be reused.
- Codon definition
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a triplet of bases in the R Rna which coldes for a given amino acid
anticodon-triplet of bases t-rna-serves as recognition site - steps in protein synthesis in bacterial cell
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replication=dna reps itself to mrna- transcription
proteins catalyze -cellular reactions, 1 strand of dna serves as template -
pleomorphic
fusiform
palisade -
many varied shapes bacillus
cigar shaped bacillus t\yp
polarly v's t's threes - ribonucleic acid
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consists of rna nucleotides
ribose sugar, contains uracil instead of thymine
single helix instead of double - usefulness of genetic recombination
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production of insulin
somatostatin (GIH)
human growth hormone
interferon and vaccines like hep b -
where does atp production take place in the eucaryote?
and the procaryote -
eu- mitochondria
pr0 cell membrane - plasmids
- small circular dna molecules that can exist independantly of the host, contains genes and it's genetic info is NOT essential to the host=extrachromosomal
- functions of plasmids
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can confer antibiotic resistnace
can code for toxin production
can code for hte production of enzymes
can degrade peticides oil and other chemicals - mRna
- mRna-messenger rna, compsed of nucleotides, long linear single helix, carries code for prduction of protein specific amino acids at ribosome- 3 codon unit
- t-Rna
- smaller than messenger, "box car" to ribosome, contains anticodon the amino acid binding site for codon (mrna)
- R-rna
- ribosomal rna holds the rna in position