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What is an inhibitory co-receptor for lymphocytes?: CD5
What substance will turn a T Cell into a T regulatory cell?: TGF-B
What turns a T Cell into a T effector cell?: IL-6
What sort of self-affinity does a T Reg cell have?: Medium self affinity
What is the main checkpoint for periphreal tolerance in B Cells?: Naive to Mature B Cells
What are four immunopriveldged sites?: 1. Brain
2. Eye
3. Testes
4. Uterus
All IL-2 receptors require what to transduce their signal?: A common gamma chain.
IL-2 and GFs can use what particular type of signalling?: Autocrine
Interferons can use what type of signalling in reponse to an infection?: Paracrine
When TNF is causing widespread shock, what type of signalling is that?: Endocrine
What IL is required for maturation of B Cells?: IL-7
What are the innate cytokines?: IL-1, 6, 12, TNF, INF-A, TNF-B
What are the adaptive cytokines?: IL-2, 4, 5, 6
What are the short term effects of INF-A,B?: 1. Increased expression of MHC-1
2. Induces endonucleases and proteases to cleave viral RNA/DNA
What are the effects of INF-G?: 1. Increases expression of MHC-II on APCs
2. Activates Macrophages
3. Promotoes B and T proliferation
TNF induces expression of what TLR? What ILs do TNF upregulate?: 1. TLR-4
2. IL-1 and they both promote IL-6
What IL induces the upregulation of acute phase proteins?: IL-6
What is the main IL in the growth of B cells?: IL-6
What does Haptoglobin do?: Scavenges Free Radicals
What IL causes T Cells to mature into either TH1 or TH2 cells?: IL-2
What does TH1 do?: It releases cytokines for cell-mediated immunity.
What does TH2 do?: It is involved in more of a humoral immunogenic response.
What cytokine can help put luekemia into remission when injected?: INF-A
Soluble TNF receptors are used to treat what?: RA
What is used to treat MS?: INF-B
Serum levels of what protein can be checked to see if someone had a massive mast cell reaction?: Mast Cell Tryptase
Which IL can help in sensitizing IgE for an allergic reaction?: IL-4
The late phase of an allergic reaction is primarily due to what cytokine?: TNF
The Arthus reaction is an example of what type of hypersensitivity?: Type 3
DiGeorger syndrome is a triad of what symptoms?: 1. Hypoparathyroidism
2. Heart Malformations
3. Thymic hypoplasia
DiGeorge patients have a deletion on which chromosome?: Chromosome 22
SCID patients lack what anatomically?: Tonsils and lymph nodes
What IL has been found to be defective in patients who cannot develop their T Cells?: IL-7
How is Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome inheited?: X-Linked
Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disorder typically die of what?: Aspergillus pneumonia
What does properdin do?: Stabilizes the alternative pathway C3 convertase
Deficiencies in the terminal complement pathway, at least C5 through C8 including properdin, have a tendency to present with what?: Neisserial Infections
In testing the complement pathway, if only the alternative pathway is slow, then what is impaired?: Properdin or Factor B
RA nodules in the lungs are referred to as what syndrome?: Caplan's Syndrome
In RA, the leading edge produces what factors?: Inflammatory factors such as IL-1 and TNF
What is the strongest risk factor for RA?: Genetic abnormalities in HLA-DR
Blocking CD20 in people with RA lead to the decline of what?: Circulating B Cells that produce RF
RF is an antibody against what?: The patient's own IgG
Antibodies to what are highly specific to RA?: Citrullinated proteins
CTLA-4 binds to what?: CD80(B7) on B cells
The loss of what receptor that is inhibitory in B Cells is seen in SLE?: CD32
What are three extrinsic ways a B Cell can be abnormally activated?: 1. It can see a self antigen in an immune complex

2. It can see a self antigen in conjunction with a prosurvival molecule (BLyS)

3. A B Cell can get abnoral activation signals from a T Cell
People who are deficient in what almost always develop SLE?: C1q
What is normally released when a macrophage picks up an apoptotic vessel? What happens when the vessel isn't coated with the correct proteins?: 1. TGF-B
2. TNF is release
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDCs) secrete what?: Type 1 INFs
Which type of T Cell is used in graft rejection?: CD4 T Cells
Will transplants from parent to child fail?: No
Will transplants from child to parent fail?: Yes
Hyperactue Rejection is mediated by what?: Antibodies
What does the Class 1 INF drive in response to an infection?: NK reponse
What part of the MHC II complex does a CD4 T Cell bind to?: Nonpolymorphic region of the β2 domain of the β-chain
What part of the MHC I complex does a CD8 T Cell bind to?: CD8 binds to a nonpolymorphic region of the α3 domain of the heavy chain of MHCI.
What does signal 2 cause in T Cells?: Expression of IL-2 and
If a B Cell is exposed to IL-4 it causes the cell to switch to what isotype?: IgE or IgG1

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