Large Animal - Pigs
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- What is a mature male pig called?
- Boar
- What is a mature female pig called?
- Sow
- What is a newborn pig called?
- piglet
- What is a young male pig called?
- boar
- What is a young female pig called?
- gilt
- What is a castrated male pig called?
- barrow
- What is normal temp for a pig?
- 102-103.6 (102.6)
- What is a normal pulse for a pig?
- 60-80 bpm
- What ia a normal resp rate for pigs?
- 8-13 rpm
- What is a pig snare?
- A long metal pole w/ a wire loop on the end - the loop is put over upper jaw only. The pig will pull against the restrainer resulting in a tug-of-war.
- Two methods of pig restraint?
- Pig snare and boards/canes
- What color pigs produce larger litters and are said to be better moms?
- White breeds
- What color pigs tend to be meatier and in general grow faster.
- Colored, non-white
- Re: pigs, "shire" refers to what?
- erect ears
- Of the pig breeds that we studied, what three are white?
- landrace, Yorkshire, and chester white
- What pig breed is black w/ a white belt?
- Hampshire
- What pig breed is red?
- Duroc
- What pig breed is white w/ black spots?
- spotted/spots
- Of the pig breeds that we studied, what two breeds are black with 6 white points?
- Poland china and Berkshire
- When do pigs reach puberty?
- 6 mos
- When is the breeding season for pigs?
- year round
- What type of estrus cycle do pigs have? What kind of ovulators are they?
- continuously polyestrus, spontaneous ovulators
- What is the length of the estrus cycle in pigs?
- 18-21 days
- What is the length of heat in pigs?
- 2-3 days
- 2 signs of heat in pigs
- vulva red & swollen, stands when pressure is applied ot back
- What is the most common method of breeding in pigs?
- natural
- What is the gestation length in pigs
- 114 days (3 mos, 3 wks, and 3 days)
- What is parturition in pigs called?
- Farrowing
- How many litters do pigs average per year?
- 1.8 litters
- What is the average pig litter size? Why this many?
- 10-12 piglets - are only 12-13 teats
- Out of a litter, how many piglets usually end up being weaned?
- Average is 8
- 5 steps for newborn piglet care
- Make sure it is breathing, dip umbilicus in iodine, notch ear for id, dock tail, clip needle teeth
- When are piglets weaned?
- 3-5 weeks
- 4 components of pig nutrition
- carbs, protein, vitamins/minerals, and water
- Where do carbs come from in a pig diet? Carbs area source of what?
- corn/barley/oats, they are a source of energy
- What is a source of protein in a pig diet? Protein is a source of what?
- soybean meal, source of amino acids
- What is source of vitamins and minerals in a pig diet?
- mineral mix
- What are the two methods of pig husbandry?
- open and closed herds
- In pig husbandry, what is an open herd?
- new pigs being added to farm continually
- In pig husbandry, what is a closed herd?
- "all in/all out" no new pigs added
- What are the 5 age groups of pigs?
- nursing, pre-starters, starters, growers, and finishing
- Age, and wt of nursing pigs
- birth - 3 wks of age, 2.7-10#
- Age, wt, and diet, of pre-starter pigs
- 3-5 wks, 10-18#, "creep feed" - this is the time of weaning
- A sow's milk is only good until piglet reaches what age?
- 4 weeks
- Age, wt, and diet of starter piglets
- 5-10 wks of age, 18-50#, corn/soybean meal diet
- Age, wt, and diet of grower pigs
- 10-16 wks of age, 50-120#, corn/soybean meal diet
- Age, wt, and diet of finishing pigs
- 16-24 wks of age, 120-240#, corn/soybean meal diet
- Why is ventilation extremely important in pig housing?
- hign ammonia levels = high respiratory dz
- What are the three housing types for pigs?
- farrowing barn, nursery, and finishing barn
- Describe a farrowing barn
- for sow to give birth to piglets, 3x5 farrowing crates, barn temp at 68 degrees for sows, heat lamps for piglets
- Describe a pig nursery
- Where pre-starters (3-5 wks) are raised, 80-85 degrees, sorted into pens by age and size
- Describe a pig finishing barn
- Where pigs are raised until slaughter, cool temp, pens w/ slatted floors over pits w/ concrete apron, pigs sorted by age and size
- What are three pig production methods?
- farrowing unit, farrow to finish, finishing unit
- describe a farrowing unit
- farrow/wean, then sell weanlings
- describe a farrow to finish pig production method
- farrow/wean/finish then sell finished pigs to slaughter
- Describe a finishing unit method of pig production
- buy weanlings, finish for slaughter
- Pig dz - cause: virus signs: spontaneous abortions, mummified feti, and stillbirths prev: vax, keep a closed herd
- Porcine Parvovirus
- Pig dz - cause: virus signs: encephalitis, abortions/stillbirths/mummies pre: test & cull, and only vax if herd already +, cattle, sheep, and dogs can also acquire
- Pseudorabies (Aujezky's dz/mad itch)
- Pid dz - Cause: many varieties of E. coli Signs: severe yellow diarrhea in 2-14 day old pigs, dehydration Prev: Vax sow before farrowing, oral vax for piglets gives local GI immunity, autogenous vax
- Colibacillosis
- What two pig dzs are caused by a virus, cause diarrhea in nursing piglets and are prevented by vaxing the sows?
- Rota virus, and Coronavirus
- Pig Dz - Cause: Clostridium perfringens Signs: Bloody diarrhea in well-nourished piglets (usually when being weaned) Prev: Vax sows
- Clostridium perfringens (type c)
- Pig dz - Cause: virus Signs: diarrhea in piglets less than 10 days old Prev: vax sows
- Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE)
- Pig dz - Cause: treponema hyodysenteriae (spirochete) Signs: bloody diarrhea in pigs 3-4 mos old Prev: vax juv. pigs
- Swine Dysentery
- Pig Dz - Cause: Bordetella bronchiseptica Signs: destruction of nasal turbinates, predisposition to pneumonia Prev: vax pigs
- Atrophic rhinitis
- Pig dz - Cause: erysipelothrix Signs: arthritis, diamond-shaped skin rash Prev: Vax
- Erysipelas (diamond back dz)
- Pig dz - Cause: no water for 48 hours Signs: circling, puritis, blindness, paddling Prev: make sure pigs have water
- Salt toxicity (water deprivation)
- Pig dz - Cause: virus Signs: invades microphages of the lungs, suppresses immune defenses, respiratory signs, abortion, early farrowing, blue ears Prev: vax for + herds only, all in/all out husbandry
- PRRS porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome
- When are pigs castrated?
- 2-3 weeks
- Method for castrating pigs
- no anesthesia, hang upside down, may hold head between thighs, cut over testicles, scrape vaginal tunic until it breaks
- When does an inguinal hernia usually occur? Tx?
- Usually occurs at castration Tx: push intestines back through inguinal canal, suture
- Cause of umbilical hernia? Tx?
- umbilical infection Tx: may surgically correct or ignore
- What is a rectal prolapse? Tx?
- prolapse of recum due to straining ("hog pile") Tx: can surgically correct or let rot off
- Scientific name of pig roundworm
- Ascaris suum
- Scientific name of pig lung worm
- Metastrongylus
- Scientific name of pig nodular worm
- Oesophagostomum dentatum
- Scientific name of pig stomach worm
- Hyostrongylus rubidus
- Scientific name of swine kidney worm
- Stephanurus dentatus
- Scientific name of pig whipworm
- Trichuris Suis
- Common name, habitat and signs of Ascaris Suum
- pig round worm, small intestines, milk spotted liver on post-mortem
- Common name, habitat, and signs of Metastrongylus
- pig lung worm, lungs, coughing
- For which pig parasite is the earthworm the int. host?
- Metastrongylus (lung worm)
- Common name, habitat, and signs of Oesophagostomum dentatum
- Pig nodular worm, lg intestines, nodules on walls of lg. intestines
- Common name, habitat, and signs of Hyostrongylus rubidus
- pig stomach worm, stomach, anemia
- Habitat and signs of Trichinella spiralis
- cysts in skeletal muscle, lameness/muscle pain
- Common name, habitat, and signs of Stephanurus dentatus
- swine kidney worm, kidneys/ureter, kidney damage leading to death
- Common name, habitat, and signs of Trichuris Suis
- pig whipworm, large intestines, diarrhea
- Three sites for blood collection in pigs
- Anterior vena cava, jugular vein, auricular vein
- Method for anterior vena cava draw
- animal on it's back, from right side toward left shoulder
- Where is the jugular vein?
- In the jugular furrow
- Where is the auricular vein?
- On ear
- What type of needle is used for auricular vein blood draw?
- 18-20g butterfly catheter
- Where is an IM inj given on a pig?
- in neck - avoid ham and other expensive cuts of meat
- Size of needle for IM inj in a boar
- 12-14g 1.5"
- Size of needle for an IM inj in a sow
- 16-18g 1.5"
- Needle size for an IM inj in a piglet
- 20-22g .5"
- Where is a SQ inj given in a pig?
- behind ear or under axilla
- How is an IN med administered in a pig? Used for what?
- Intranasal, placed in nose on inspiration, used against atrophic rhinitis/E.coli