LOM Ch.13 - Blood System
Terms
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- Albumen
- Protein in blood; maintains proper amount of water in blood.
- Antibodies
- Protein Substances whose formation by lymphocytes is stimulated by the presence of antigens in the body. The Ab then helps to neutralize the Ag that stimulated it.
- Basophil
- WBC with large dark basic staining granules
- Bilirubin
- Dk. Green pigment produced from hemoglobin when RBC's are destroyed. Is concentrated in the liver/excreted in feces.
- Coagulation
- Process of blood clotting
- Colony-stimulating factors CFS
- proteins that stimulate growth proliferation of WBC (granulocytes)
- Corpuscle
- little body- refers to a blood cell
- Differentiation
- Change in structure function of a cell as it matures. Specialization of a stem cell.
- Electrophoresis
- Method of separating substances like proteins by electrical charge.
- Eosinophil
- WBC with dense redish granules associated with allergic reactions
- Erythrocyte
-
A RBC (5 million in a spec of blood size of a pinhead)
NO nucleus - Fibrin
- protein threads that form basis of clot
- Fibrinogen
- Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in clotting
- Formed elements
-
Cellular elements in blood
RBC
WBC
Thrombocytes - Globin
- Protein part of hemoglobin
- Globulin
- Plasma protein is separated into alpha, beta and gamma globulin
- Granulocytes
- WBCs with granules: eosinophil/neutrophils/basophils
- Heme
- Iron containing nonprotein portion of hemoglobin molecule
- Hemoglobin
- Blood protein in RBC's carries O2
- Heparin
- anticoagulant produced by liver cells found in blood tissues
- Immune reaction
- Process by which an Antibody neutralizes an antigen
- Immunoglobulin
-
A protein (globin) wiht Antibodies
(ex IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD)
Immun/o = protection - Leukocyte
- a WBC
- Monocyte
- A phagocyte WBC formed in bone marrow. They become macrophages as they enter body tissues from the blood.
- Myeloid
- Derived from bone marrow cells
- Neutrophil
- WBC (granulocyte) formed in bone marrow; phagocyte with neutral staining granules (PMN leukocyte) polymorphonuclear
- Plama
- liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients hormones, and vitamins. Contains everything but formed elements.
- Plasmapheresis
- Process of using centrifuge to separate the formed elements from blood plasma. Formed elements are retransfused into the donor and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is used to replace withdrawn plasma. May be done to collect plasma for analysis or therapy
- Platelet
- smallest formed element in blood; Thrombocyte
- Protrhrombin
- Plasma protein; converted to thrombin in clotting process.
- Reticulocyte Rh factor
- Developing RBC with network of granules in its cytoplasm an antigen normally found on RBCs of Rh+ individuals
- Serum
- plasma ninus clotting proteins/cells
- Stem cell
- A cell in bone that gives rise to different types of blood cells
- Thrombin
- Enzyme helping convert fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation
- Thrombocyte
- platelet
- Thromboplastin
- A clotting factor that promotes fibrin clot formation along with calcium.
- Dyscrasia
- any abnormal/pathological condition of the blood
- Anemia
- deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin. Iron deficiency is the most common.
- aplastic anemia
- Failure of blood cell production due to aplasia (absence of develpment/formation)of bone marrow cells. Panytopenia occurs as stem cells fail to produce RBC, WBC, and platelets
- hemolytic anemia
- Reduction in RBC due to excessive destruction. Example is congenital spherocytic anemia (hereditary spherocytosis). In some cases, hemolytic anemia is due to production of autoimmune Abs that destroy RBCs
- Pernicious Anemia
- Lack of mature RBCs owing to inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body. Vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed without intrinsic factor which is found in the gastric juice. People with this- lack this. The result is excess of Ig immature and poorly functioning cells megaloblasts in the circulation
- Sickle Cell Anemia
- Hereditary condition characterized by abnormal shape of RBCs and hemolysis. Genetic defect is the presence of the Hemoglobin S gene. It is prevalent in African Americans.
- thalassemia
- Inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, seen in Mediterranean persons. Presents in various forms/degrees with the most severe form being Cooley's anemia. Hg content is diminished in these people (Hypochromic anemia)
- Hemochromatosis-
- Excessive deposits of iron throughout the body
- Polycythemia
-
increase in RBCs
Erythema - Leukemia
-
An increase in cancerous white blood cells. Typwe are
Acute- large number of immature leukocytes
Chronic- large number of mature or differentiated leukocytes - Acute myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia (AML)
- immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) predominate. Platelets/RBCs are diminished because of infiltration/replacement of bone marrow by large numbers of myeloblasts.
-
Chronic myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia
(CML) - Both mature/immature granulocytes are present in marrow/bloodstream. A slowly progressive illness with which patients may live for many years without encountering life threatening problems.
-
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
(CLL) - Abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow lymph nodes/spleen. Usually occurs in elderly and is slowly progressive
- Remission
- Disappearance of signs of disease
- Relapse
- Leukemia cells reappear in blood or bone marrow
- Bone Marrow Transplant
- ACUTE leukemias
- Eosinophilia -
- increase in eosinophilic granulocytes seen in alleregic conditions parasitic infections
- Basophilia
- increase in basophilic granulocytes seen in certain leukemias
- Mononucleosis
- Infectious disease evidenced by an increase number of lymphocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes caused by Epstein Barr Virus
- Bleeding Time
-
The time it takes for small puncture wound to stop bleeding. Normal 8 minutes (longer ASA, platelet disorders)
Most widely used method = Simplate test - Complete Blood Count (CBC)
-
RBC
WBC with Diff
platelet
Hg
Hct
Red blood cell indices MCH MCV MCHC - Coagulation (clotting) Time
- time required for venous blood to clot in test tube Nomal is less than 15 minutes
- Hematocrit
- % of RBCs in a volume of blood
-
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Sed Rate
ESR - speed at which RBC's settle out of plasma. Altered in infections, joint imflammation, tumor 9all which increase immunoglobulin content of blood)
- Hemoglobin (Hb Hgb)
- Total amount of hemoglobin in a sample
- Partial thromboplastin time
- measure presence of coagulation pathway factors
- Platelet Count
-
number of platelets per cubic millimeter
Normal = 200,000 - 400,000/cu mm - Protrhombin Time
- A test of blood's ability to clot
- RBC count
-
# of RBC per cubic millimeter of blood
N= 4-6 million/cu mm - RBC morphology
- stained blood smear is examined to determine shape of individual red cells. Ex. anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, sickle cells, and hypochromia can be noted.)
- WBC differential
-
determines the #s of different types of leukocytes
"Left shift" = increase in immature and decrease in mature neutrophils. - Apheresis
- separation of blood into its parts (used to remove toxic substances/autoantibodies from blood or to harvest blood cells.
- Bone marrow biopsy
- needle introduced into bone marrow cavity and a small amount of marrow is aspirated examined under microscope. For diagnosis: anemia, cytopenia, leukemia
- WBC count
-
# of leukocytes per cubic millimeter
Normal = 5,000-10,000 per cu mm) -
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
(ALL) - Immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate. Seen most often in children adolescents. Sudden onset.
- Granulocytosis
- abnormal increase in granulocytes in blood.
- Blood transfusion
- whole blood or cells are taken from donor and after appropriate testing to ensure close match of red cell or platelet type, the whole blood or cell are infused into a patient. All specimens are tested for hepatitis/AIDS. Autologous transfusion -collection/later reinfusion of pts own blood or blood components
- Antiglobulin Test (Coombs Test)
- Determines if RBC are coated with antibodies. Used in infants of Rh- women and patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- Agglutination
- Clumping of recipients blood cells when incompatible bloods are mixed.
- Hemophilia
- Excessive bleeding caused by congenital lack of one of the protein substances (factor VIII) necessary for clotting.
- Lymphocyte
- WBC (agranulocyte) that produces Antibodies
- Macrophages
- Big monocytes that migrated from the blood to tissue spaces. Are large phagocytes that destroy RBCs at the end of their lifespan of 120 days. They also engulf foreign material
- Purpura
- Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages/accumulation of blood under the skin. Causes may be immunological (body produces antiplatelet factor that destroys its own platelets. Indiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura = condition in which a pt. makes an AB that destroys his/her own platelets