Kozier-Fundamentals of Nursing Ch45 Nutrition
Terms
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- Nutrition
- sum of all interactions between an organism & the food it consumes
- Nutrients
- organic & inorganic substances found in foods & are required for body functioning
- energy-providing nutrients
- Carbs, fats, proteins
- Carbs are composed of the elements:
- carbon(C), hydrogen(H), oxygen(O)
- Carbs are two basic kinds
-
simple (sugars)
complex (starches & fiber) - Sugars
-
-simplest of all carbs
-water soluble
-produced naturally by plants & animals - sugars may be:
-
monosaccharides (single molecule)
disaccharides (double molecule) - 3 monosaccharides:
-
-glucose (most abbundant)
-fructose
-galctose - Starches:
-
-insoluble, nonsweet forms of carbs
-polysaccharide(branch chains of dozens of glucose molecules) - Fiber:
-
-complex carb derived from plants
-cannot be digested by humans
-present in outer layer of grains, bran, pulp of many fruits and vegs - Major enzymes of carb digestion:
-
-ptyalin (salivary amylase)
-pancreatic amylase
the disaccharides: maltase, sucrase & lactase - Enzymes
- biologic catalysts that speed up chemical reations
- Carbs are stored as:
-
-glycogen
-fat - Glycogen
- large polymer of glucose
- glycogenesis
- glycogen formation
- Protein
-
organic substance composed of amino acids
contains (C), (H), (O) and (N) - Essential amino acids
- cannot be manufactured by the body
- Nine essential amino acids
- threonine, leucine, isoeucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine
- Arginine
- appears to have role in immune system
- Nonessential amino acids
- body can manufacture
- Ten nonessential amino acids
- glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, hydroxyproline, cystine, tyrosine, serine
- Complete proteins
-
contain all essential amino acids include:
most animal-meats, poultry, fish, diary products & eggs - Incomplete proteins
- lack one or more essential amino acis ( most commonly lysine, methionine or tryptophan)
- Complementary proteins
- combination of two of more vegetables make complete protein
- Protein metabolism include thre activities
-
-anabolism(building tissue)
-catabolism(breking down tissue)
-nitrogen balance - Lipids
- organic substances that are greasy & insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol or ether
- Fats
- lipids solid at room temp
- Oils
- lipids liquid at room temp
- Fatty acids
- made up of carbon chains & hydrogen and are basic structure unit of most lipids
- Saturated fatty acids
- carbon atoms are filled to capacity with hydrogen
- Unsaturated fatty acid
- could accomadate more hydrogen atoms. It has at least two carbon atoms that are not attached to a hydrogen atom
- Monosaturated fatty acids
- fatty acid with one double bond of carbon
- Polyunsaturated fatty acid
- more than one carbon double bond( or many carbons not bonded to a hydrogen atom)
- Lipids are clssified as
- simple and compound
- Glycerides
- simple lipid and most common form
- Triglyceride
- has 3 fatty acids, account for more than 90% of the lipids in food and in the body
- Cholesterol
- fatlike substance produced by both the body and found in foods of animal origin
- Cholesterol is needed for
- create bile acids and to synthesize steriod hormones
- Lipoproteins
- made up of various lipids and proteins
- Vitamin
- organic compound that cannot be manufactured by the body & is needed in small quanities to catalyze metabolic processes
- Water-soluble vitamins
- C,B-complex vitamins:B1(thiamine),B2(riboflavin), B3(Niacin), B6(pyridoxine, B9(floic acid, B12(cobalamin, pantothenic acid & biotin
- Fat-soluble vitamins
- A,D,E & K
- Minerals
- found in organic compound, as inorganic compounds, and as free ions
- Calcium and phophorus make up
- 80% of all mineral elements in the body
- Macrominerals-amount
- those required daily by people in amounts over 100mg,
- Macrominerals
- calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, sulfur
- Microminerals-amount
- less than 100mg
- Microminerals
- iron, zinc, manganese, iodine, fluoride, copper, cobalt, chromium, selenium
- Caloric value
- amount of energy that nutrients or food supply to the body
- Large calorie
- amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water 15 to 16 degrees Celsius
- Energy liberated from metabolism
-
Carb- 4 cal
Protein- 4 cal
Fat- 9 cal
Alcohol- 7 cal - Metabolism
- refders to all biochemical & physiologic processes by which the body grows and maintians itself
- Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- rate at which the body metabolizes food to maintian energy requirements of a person awake and at rest
- Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)
- amount of energy required to maintain basic body functions
- Gallstones
- can block flow of bile, common cause of lipid digestion
- Diseases of the Pancreas
- can affect glucose metabolism or fat digestion
- Lactose intolerance
-
30 to 50 million Americans
75% of African Americans & American Indians
90% of Asian Americans