Human Origins: Final Exam: Early Hominids
Terms
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Location: Central Africa
Major Site: Chad
Date Range: 6-7 mya
Associated paleoanthropologist: Michel Brunet
Additional points: may be bipedal due to placement of the foramen magnum - Sahelanthropus tchadensis
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Location: East Africa, Rift Valley
Major Site: Tugen Hills, Kenya
Date Range: ~6 mya
Associated paleoanthropologist: Andrew Hill and Brigitte Senut
Additional points: earliest known hominid, CT scans of the proximal femur have shown t - Orrorin tugenensis
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Location: East Africa
Major Site: Aramis
Date Range: 5.5-4.4 mya
Gracile
Associated paleoanthropologist: Tim White
Additional points: NOT an australopithecilne, possible human ancestor, very primitive cranium, ape-like, thin enam - Aridipithecus ramidus
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Location: East Africa
Major Site: Kanapoi, Allia Bay
Date Range: 4.2-3.9 mya
Gracile
Associated paleoanthropologist: Meave Leakey
Average cranial capacity: small, apelike, ~400cc
Additional points: earliest australopithecine - Australopithecus anamensis
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Location: East Africa
Major site: Radar, Laetoli
Date range: 3.9-3.0 mya (K/Ar dates)
Gracile
Associated paleoanthropologist: Tim White and Don Johanson
Average Cranial capacity: 420cc
Additional points: Lucy=40% of a skelet - Australopithecus afarensis
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Location: East Africa
Major site: West Turkana, Kenya
Date Range: 3.2-3.5 mya
Associated paleoanthropologist: Meave Leakey
Additional points: "flat-faced Kenya human", characterized by large flat face, but small cheek teeth, - Kenyanthropus platyops
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Location: East Africa
Major site: Middle Awash (Bouri)
Date range: 2.5 mya
Gracile
Associated paleoanthropologist: Tim White
Average cranial capcity: 450cc
Additional points: possible first tool users (Oldowan industry), lon - Australopithecus garhi
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Location: East Africa
Major site: West Lake Turkana
Date Range: 2.5 mya
Robust
Associated paleoanthropologist: Alan Walker
Average cranial capacity: 410cc
Additional points: Black Skull (WT 17,000), probably ancestral to Aus - Australopithecus/Paranthropus aethiopicus
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Location: South Africa
Major site: Taung, Sterkfontein, Kromdraai, Makapansgat
Date Range: 3.6-2.5mya
Gracile
Associated Paleoanthropologist: Raymond Dart
Average cranial capacity: 440cc
Additional points: first australopith - Australopithecus africanus
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Location: South Africa
Major Site: Swartkrans, Kromdraai
Date range: 2-1.5 mya
Robust
Associated paleoanthropologist: Robert Broom
Average cranial capacity: 530cc - Australopithecus/Paranthropus robustus
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Location: East Africa
Major site: Olduvai Gorge, Koobi Fora
Date range: 2-1 mya
Robust
Associated paleoanthropologist: Mary and Louis Leakey
Average cranial capacity: 631cc
Additional points: significant increase in cranial - Homo(Australopithecus?) habilis
- What are the anatomical features of robust australopithecines?
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sagittal crest
large zygomatics
postorbital constriction
postcanine megadontia
small incisors and canines
very large mandible
reorientation of temporalis muscle
small brain - Taung child
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Australopithecus africanus
3-6 year old child
first australopithecine found - Lucy
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Australopithecus afarensis
40% complete skeleton - Hadar Zinj
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Austraopithecus boisei
Olduvai Gorge
found by Mary Leakey - Black Skull
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Australopithecus aethiopicus
West Lake Turkana - STS 5
- Australopithecus africanus
- SK48
- Australopithecus robustus
- ER 1813 and ER 1470
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Homo habilis
East Lake Turkana -
Location: Africa, Europe
Major Sites: Nariokotome (West Lake Turkana), East Turkana (East Rudolph), Olduvai Gorge, Swartkrans, Ternifine, Dmanisi
Date Range: 1.9-1.4 mya
Average cranial capacity: 900-1100cc - Homo ergaster
- Which species is considered by many to be the same species as H. erectus, with the minor differences between them explained as regional variation?
- Homo ergaster
- Which species in Africa is associated with the Oldowan tool industry?
- Homo ergaster
- Who was the first hominid to move out of Africa and into more temperate regions?
- Homo ergaster
- WT 15000 (the Nariokotome Boy) is the most complete skelton we have, prior to Neandertals. Of what species is WT 15000?
- Homo ergaster
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Location: East Asia
Major sites: Zhoukoudian, Longgupo, Trinil, Sangiran, Ngandong, Hexian
Date range: 1.8 mya
Average cranial capcity: 750-1100cc - Homo erectus
- Which fossil ancestor was found in 1891 by Eugene Dubois in Java at the site of Trinil and consisted of a skullcap and a femur?
- Homo erectus
- What species is also known as Pithecanthropus erectus, Java Man, Peking Man, Pithecanthropus soloensis, Sinanthropus?
- Homo erectus
- Which species' tool industry is known as the Acheulean which is best known for its hand axes (or bifaces) and cleavers?
- Homo erectus
- Which species shows possible evidence for hunting and increased meat consumption?
- Homo erectus