Economics Glossary A-F
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- absolute advantage
- Whatever one does better than others. (see comparative advantage and theory of absolute advantage)
- advertising
- The science of arresting human intelligence long enough to get money from it.
- affectation
- A social disease requiring its victims to wear hole-in-the-knee jeans. (see conspicuous consumption)
- alienation theory
- A thesis that explains why some citizens feel they are in, but not part of a society; e.g., the iron law of wages (Karl Marx), or the Vietnamese War. (see reconciliation theory)
- anti-cyclical
- Any market behavior that drives the price toward the trend line or moving average. Buying or selling that stabilizes the market price by minimizing the vagaries of the cycle. (see pro-cycle)
- anti-prosperity tenet
- (see pro-prosperity tenet)
- anti-trust trilogy
- The Sherman, Clayton, and Robinson-Patman Acts.
- a priori
- (Latin) At the outset; that which exists prior to examination.
- arbitrage
- A simultaneous transaction in two or more markets, buying in the cheap (low price) market and selling in the dear (high price) market.
- archaist
- Someone who studies or praises the past, or whose intellectual perspective and values are shaped by reverence for the past. (see futurist)
- area of decreasing marginal cost
- Any quantity of production before the minimum point on the marginal cost function; i.e., before the inflection point on the total cost function. The area of increasing returns.
- area of decreasing returns
- Any quantity of production beyond the point of diminishing returns. The area of increasing marginal cost.
- area of increasing marginal cost
- Any quantity of production beyond the minimum point on the marginal cost function; i.e., beyond the inflection point on the total cost function. The area of decreasing returns.
- area of increasing returns
- Any quantity of production before the point of diminishing returns. The area of decreasing marginal cost.
- arithmetic progression
- A series of numbers increasing at a decreasing rate; i.e., 1,2,3,4. (see geometric progression and rate of increase)
- artificial barrier to trade
- A non-economic barrier to a market such as a union contract, an intellectual property law, or crime.
- asymptote
- A function which continuously approaches a line or axis without meeting it at any finite distance; e.g., an indifference curve or average fixed cost function. Technically, a tangent at infinity.
- asymptotic
- What happens if you get scared half-to-death -- twice.
- auction with reserve
- The seller reserves the right to influence the price by setting a minimum price, using a shill, or withdrawing the item prior to the falling of the gavel.
- average costs (AC)
- Total costs (TC) divided by the number of units produced ( q ).
- average fixed cost function
- An asymptote found by dividing fixed cost by the number of units produced.
- bank
- A place where money automatically increases in value when you need to borrow it.
- banker
- Someone who will loan you an umbrella when the sun is shining and want it back when it starts to rain.
- bankruptcy
- A court ruling which provides permanent relief (Chapter 7); or temporary relief to a municipality or county (Chapter 9), a firm (Chapter 11), or an individual (Chapter 13). Such relief may be granted if insolvency exists or is anticipated. (see insolvency)
- Benelux
- An acronym for the common market that pre-dated (and is now included in) the European Community formed by the nations of Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
- best-seller
- A book that is bought by as many people that attend a single USC football game.
- black hole
- Where God divided by zero. (see Note D, NQ 9)
- black market
- An illegal transaction; i.e., the sale of a prohibited good or service.
- blue chip stock
- A major corporation with a reputation for financial stability and an excellent history of dividend payments. (see glamour stock)
- bookcase
- A piece of furniture used in America to display bowling trophies and Elvis collectibles.
- break-even point
- Where total revenue (TR) equals total cost (TC)
- bullionist
- An English mercantilist. The word is derived from the British use of small gold bars called bullion. (see mercantilism and Colbertist)
- business cycle
- Variations above and below the trend line of an economy or the price of a stock, with periods measured from trough to trough. Economists have identified major cycles of 50 years (Nikolai Kondratieff), 20 years (Karl Marx), and four years (Roy Harrod and Evsey Domar). (see cycles)
- capacity point
- The optimal level of production, when all factors of production are being employed at their highest and best use. The minimum point on the average cost curve.
- capital
- In economics, a good (e.g., machine, truck, warehouse, etc.) used by the business sector to produce another good. (see factor of production)
- capitalism
- A legal system that safeguards private property and permits free enterprise without government interference
- cardinal numbers
- Numbers that assign specific value; e.g., 1,2,10. (see ordinal numbers)
- cartel
- A syndicate of two or more ths that divide up the market (by geography, quantity, or product differentiation) for the purpose of colluding. (see collusion)
- caveat emptor (Latin)
- In business, let the buyer beware. In economics, this term encapsulates the essence of the market system; i.e., that everyone must be responsible for his or her own economic decisions.
- cease and desist order
- A ruling by a judge ordering one party to stop what they're doing and to not do it again. Such rulings include TRO's (temporary restraining orders), preliminary injunctions, and permanent injunctions.
- ceteris paribus
- (Latin) All else remains constant. Examining the changes in two or three variables while assuming that all other variables do not change.
- chancery court
- A court of equity, originally (13th century England) held in the residence (chancery) of a church bishop.
- classical economics
- The doctrines (theories) and paradigms (models) developed from 1752 through 1867 that formed an academic discipline originally called "political economics." The founders of this subject matter, called "Ricardians," promoted free trade as their universal tenet and believed that the concept of price was explained by the labor theory of value.
- classical rent doctrine
- David Ricardo's theory that surplus value is captured by the landlord. (see labor theory of value)
- Clayton Anti-Trust Act
- The 1914 law that authorized federal judges to issue preliminary injunctions when they hear evidence that the Sherman Anti-Trust Act has been violated. (see Anti-Trust Trilogy)
- Colbertist
- A French mercantilist. The word reflects the enormous power and influence of Jean Colbert, Finance Minister to Louis XTV. (see mercantilism and bullionist)
- collusion
- Two or more firms acting in concert to manipulate the market to their benefit, thereby adversely affecting the consumer. (see mergers and acquisitions, cartel, and price fixing)
- comic nose
- An anagram for "economics".
- common market
- An economic territory with the absence of internal tariff, a common external tariff, and factor mobility.
- communism
- The liberation of the people from the burdens of liberty.
- comparative advantage
- the ability of a economy/country to produce a good efficiently
- complementary goods
- When the use of one good requires the use of another; i.e., they are mutually dependent. (see substitution good, factor good, and interdependent markets)
- concave vs. convex
- A description of a curvilinear function as per its relationship to a point of reference. A bowl is concave relative to the ceiling, but convex relative to the table it sits on. The lunar surface is convex from the perspective of the earth, but concave relative to the center of the moon. (see Note E, NQ4)
- conspicuous consumption
- Thorstein Veblen's thesis that some goods are preferred to others because of their social implications; i.e., that prestige is afforded as a function of price. (see affectation and reverse substitution effect)
- constant costs
- Marginal costs (per unit) that remain the same regardless of the number of units produced.
- consultant
- 1. An expert who is hired to support a decision that has already been made. 2. A guru who knows that you can't solve the problem until you know whose problem it is. 3. A jobless person who shows executives how to work.
- consumer price line
- The average revenue function; the demand curve.
- consumer surplus
- Utility received, but not paid for.
- consumption good
- A good or service used by the household sector. (see investment good)
- contract
- An enforceable agreement; i.e., an understanding between two or more parties that entitles an aggrieved party to present a dispute to the trier of fact in a court of law. (see elements of a contract)
- conventional wisdom
- That which is believed by common fools.
- corporate culture
- One of the supreme oxymorons of our time.
- corporation
- A business organization (entity) having a legal status, with liability limited to the assets of the corporation. (see proprietorship)
- cost-push inflation
- When factor shortages raise marginal costs and thereby push prices up the aggregate demand function. (see demand-pull inflation)
- credit card
- A plastic passport to the valley of the shadow of debt.
- customs duty
- A tax on imports; i.e., a tariff.
- customs union
- An economic partnership with an absence of internal tariffs and a common external tariff.
- cycles
- A succession of periodically recurring events. (see business cycle)
- cynic
- Someone who knows the price of everything and the value of nothing
- debt
- An ingenious substitute for the chain and whip.
- deductive logic
- Reasoning from the general to the particular. The use of an internally consistent hypothesis. (see methodology and inductive logic)
- demand
- Both the ability and willingness to enter the market at some specific price. (see effective demand)
- demand-pull inflation
- When deficit spending pulls prices up the aggregate supply function; i.e., more dollars are chasing the same quantity of goods. (see cost-push inflation)
- 'demography
- The study of populations.
- Dialectic
- Plato's system of inductive logic that begins with a thesis'(an initial assumption of reality) tempered by an antithesis (an observed exception) to form a synthesis (the new thesis). (see Hegelian logic and dialectical materialism)
- dialectical materialism
- The Marxian application of Hegelian logic to the study of economic history. (see dialectic and Hegelian logic)
- differentiated products
- Competitive goods made different by physical characteristics or distinguished by advertising. (see homogenous products)
- diminishing returns
- Decreasing returns to the variable factor. (see law of diminishing returns)
- distribution theory
- A model that explains for whom the economy produces. (see feudalism, Marxism, and meritocracy)
- doctrine
- used in economics, especially e 19th century, as a synonym for theory; i.e., a scientific principle or prediction. (see theory)
- duopoly Two producers.
- dutch auction
- A reverse auction, where the offering price begins high and proceeds down until there is a buyer.
- dynamics
- An analysis which considers all significant variables over a time series: (see statics)
- econometrics
- The combined use of statistical methods and mathematical economics to'measure, estimate, and forecast quantitative economic relationships, variables, and outcomes. (see mathematical economics)
- economic good
- A good (tangible product) or service (intangible commodity).
- economic good vs. free good
- Carl Menger's distinction between a good which is scarce (an economic good) and therefore commands a price, and one that is not scarce and therefore is free.
- economic history
- The study of history in terms of economic causes and effects; e.g., The Industrial Revolution, The Potato Famine, The Gold Rush, etc. (see history of economic thought and megaeconomics)
- economic rent
- A payment to a factor of production. (see quasi rent)
- economics
- 1.The study of scarcity. 2. The study of natural laws. 3. The metaphysics of accounting. 4. A counter-intuitive thought process for comprehending social order.
- economist
- 1. Someone who does it with models. 2. Someone who gets rich explaining why others are poor. 3. Someone who sees something work in practice and asks if it would work in theory.
- economists
- 1. A large group of academics, if laid end to end, would not reach a conclusion. 2. A small group of academics who refuse to speak English so that no one else can understand them.
- economy vs. efficiency
- To economize is to minimize inputs with the given output. To make efficient is to maximize output with the given inputs.
- educational vouchers
- State issued tuition warrants permitting parents to enroll their children at the school of their choice, public or private.
- effective demand
- Both the ability and willingness to pay the current market price. (see demand)
- elasticity
- Responsiveness of a dependent variable to a change in an independent variable. In economics, Q = f (P).
- elements of a contract
- The necessary conditions of an enforceable agreement; i.e., offer (proposal), acceptance (amative notification), and consideration (quid pro quo). (see contract)
- eminent domain
- The right or power of the state to take private property for public use, usually for adequate compensation.
- empiricism
- Extrapolation of the future fiom the past. The logic of experience.
- entitlement
- A unilateral transfer payment from the government to the household sector required by law. (see unilateral transfer payment and welfare)
- entrepreneurial capacity constraint
- Milton Friedman's explanation of how decreasing cost industries eventually experience diminishing returns when “reach exceeds the grasp" of the CEO. When an organization becomes so vertical that a decision to innovate becomes confused in communication, enthusiasm for change lost in translation, and feedback from subordinates too muffled to be heard.
- entrepreneurship
- The fourth factor of production (as defined by Joseph Alois Schumpeter) can be pursued in one or more of five ways: 1. introduction of new products (e.g., Edison), 2. New methods of production (e.g., Ford), 3. Opening of new markets (e.g., Russia), 4. Development of productive factors (e.g., General Motors Institute), and 5. Catalyst of productive factors (e.g,, NASA).
- equilibrium price
- The price that clears the market; i.e., the price at which the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded. The quintessence of supply and demand theory.
- equilibrium theory
- Leon Walras' synthesis of two disparate mathematical concepts; i.e., supply and demand. Arguably the most important natural law of economics, whether applied to a market (partial equilibrium) or an economy (general equilibrium).
- Eurodollar
- US dollars on deposit at a European bank or banks in the British Caribbean.
- excellence
- It's an attitude.
- excess profit
- The accounting profit in excess of normal profit.
- exchange control
- A form of trade restriction whereby a government controls the foreign currency market by establishing an official rate and location of exchange, and retaining the foreign currency for use as determined by the political leadership.
- exchange rate
- The price at which one nation's currency is traded for another.
- expected return (E)
- In probability theory, the revenue from an event divided by its cost. For example, a savings bond with a maturity value of $100 which may be purchased,for $25 has an expectedreturn of 4; i.e., E = 100 / 25 = 4. (see fair bet, measure of risk, and Note L)
- external economy vs. external diseconomy
- An autonomous (independent) economic activity with beneficial spreading effects; called an external diseconomy if the effects are detrimental.
- external tariff
- A customs duty on goods imported into an economic area of business zone from states or political entities not members of that area. (see internal tariff)
- fact
- The result of research; unfinished, but presently abandoned. (see theory)
- factor good
- A good used in the production of another good. When a change in the market price of a good (e.g., autos) affects the market price of a factor good (e.g., steel); the two goods are said to be interdependent. (see intermediate good, factors of production, substitution good, complementary good, and interdependent markets)
- factor oriented industry
- A business that reduces cost by locating near a factor of production; e.g., highly skilled labor, specialized land use, or an exceptionally heavy input. (see location theory and weight subtracting industry)
- factors of production
- Land(T), labor(L), and capital(K) are the classical factors. Land and labor are the primary factors; they exist a priori. Capital is the secondary factor; it is produced by land and labor. Modem economists are also concerned with entrepreneurship, energy, and information. (see capital, a priori, and entrepreneurship)
- fair bet
- A risk with a probability of success times the expected return of 1; i.e., p(E) = 1. (see expected return, measure of risk, and Note L)
- fallacy of composition
- Assuming what is true for the part to be true for the whole.
- featherbedding
- Paying an employee to produce nothing; i.e., disguised unemployment.
- feudalism
- A distribution system based on birthright. (see distribution theory)
- finance
- The art of passing currency from hand to hand until it finally disappears.
- fixed cost (FC)
- A cost that is incurred regardless of the level of production; i.e., even if output were zero. The height of the total cost function; i.e., where TC crosses the vertical axis.
- fixed supply
- Totally inelastic supply; i.e., the quantity supplied remains the same regardless of price. (see price taker)
- footloose industry
- A business that is located without regard to the factors of production or market, but rather to some other rationale such as weather, tax advantage, or quality of community. (see location theory)
- forecast
- A direction given to a blindfolded driver by someone looking out the back window.
- foreign exchange
- The currency of a foreign country. (see exchange rate and exchange control)
- free enterprise
- A market that permits free entry and free exit by buyers and sellers. A market without artificial barriers to trade. (see free entry and free exit)
- free entry
- The absence of artificial (non-economic) barriers to entering a market; e.g., patents, copyrights, trademarks, crime, tariffs, licenses, etc. (see free enterprise and free exit)
- free exit
- The absence of artificial (non-economic) barriers to leaving a market; e.g., government regulation, union contract, legal injunction, etc. (see free enterprise and free entry)
- free good
- A good which is not scarce and therefore does not command a market price. (see economic good)
- free trade
- Like heaven; everyone wants to get there, but not too soon.
- free trade area
- A business zone that has either the absence of external tariffs (e.g., Hong Kong), or the absence of internal tariff (e.g., NAFTA).
- frontier line
- (see production possibilities curve)
- FTC
- Federal Trade Commission
- full-employment-unemployment-rate (FEUR)
- The rate of unemployment (about 4.5%), below which is inflationary.
- futurist
- Someone who creates a paradigm to predict the future or whose intellectual perspective and values are shaped by respect for the future. (see archaist)