EPPP Neuropsychology

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Acetylcholine(ACh) where found and function: Where: in CNS between terminal buttons and muscle fibers and at synapses in autonomic NS. Causes muscles in contract also learning and memory, sexual behavior and sleep
Adrenal Gland: Addison's and Cushing's disease: Addison's: under secretion, fatigue, fainting, appetite loss, depression apathy, CUSHING's Disease: obesity, memory loss, mood swings, depression
Adrenal Gland: Hormone and function: Cortisol, stimulATES LIVER TO CONVERT ENERGY TO GLUCOSE
Alexia:: reading disability from brain lesion
Amygdala: What system and what function?: Limbic: Integrates and directs emotional behavior, mediates defensive/aggressive behavior. Damage affects emotional response.
Androgens: What and found where: Testosterone and found in males and females and involve sexual interest and appetite
Androgens: what and where produced?: testosterone, produced in gonads.
Aphasia:: damage to a language area of the brain
Apraxia: Def, brain part: disruption in the coordination of complex purposeful movements.
Autonomic Nervous system def: regulates primarily involuntary activity. eg digestion, heartbeat, respiration. Includes sympathetic and parasympathetic
Basal Ganglia: Includes what three structures: Caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and putamen
Brain Imaging: Two main types and machine names: Structural: CT and MRI for clots and structural abnormalities and Functional: including PET and SPECT for measuring cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism and O2 consumption
Brain Vision Pathway:: From optic nerve to thalamus to visual cortex to Occipital lobe
Brain: Three functional parts and where are they located: PRIMITIVE CORE: top of spinal cord, regulates basic somatic activites of breathing and sleeping. LIMBIC SYSTEM(old brain): Built around primitive core, mediates basic drives eg hunger thirst, rage,fear pleasure. CEREBRAL CORTEX(New brain) higher coghnitice and emotion functions
Broca's Aphasia:: not clear speech, slow difficult. Left frontal
Broca's Aphasia: Def, damage to what, and what lobe: speaking slowly with great difficulty, broca's areqa of left frontal lobe
Broca's Area: Lobe(including side) and damage result: Left frontal, Broca's Aphasia.
Cannon-Baird Theory of emotion:: Environmental stimuli stimualtes both thalamus and cortex producing sympathetic nervous system arousal and emotional feelings at the same time. Arousal and emotion happens at the same time
Catecholamines: Three types:: Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine
Central Nervous System Two main parts: Brain and spinal cord.
Cerebral Cortex: Right and left: Name four lobes: Frontal, Parietal, Occipital and Temporal
Cerebral Cortex: Uniqueness from rest of brain: last to stop growing, after birth changes more than rest of CNS. More developed in humans than any other animal
Chronic pain associated with what disorders: major depresive, dysthymics disorder,
Cognitive-Arousal Theory: def: emotion come from physiological arrousal and a cognitive attribution to that arousal.
Conduction Aphasia:: Can't repeat what was heard
Conduction Aphasia: Lobe and Def: Temporal, Cannot repeat what is heard
Conduction Aphasia: where, Def: Lesion between Wernicke's area and Broca's area. Speaks and comprehends but cannot repeat what is heard.
Contralateral: Def: Left hemisphere controls right side and vice versa
Deep Sleep, slow wave, Delta is in stages: Three and four
Dopamine effects: degreneration of dopamine neurons causes muscular rigidity and tremors found in parkinsons disease
Emotions, Six universal basic:: fear, anger, joy, sadness, surprise, disgust
Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Hormone Replacement Therapy. Positive and negative?: Alleviate many symptoms and reduce osteoporosis and heart disease. ERT may increase risk of breast cancer.
Estrogen Replacement Therapy anmd Hormone Replacement therapy. Plus and Negative: Aleviates symptoms, lowers rish for osteo and heart disease but increases breast cancer
Estrogens: What and where: in females, sex development and healthy function. also in males, function unknown.
Excessive dopamine and norepinephrine associated with: Schizophrenia
Fluent Apasia:: clear nonsense speech
Forebrain: Five main structures: Hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system and cerebral cortex
Frontal Lobe Personality:: From damage to FL, apathy, lack of drive, low verbal, can't plan or focus
Frontal Lobe: 4 main functions:: Motor behavior, expressive language, higher-level cognitive processes, orientation to time, place and person
GABA does what and associated with what disease?: depresses CNS activity andb low levels associated with Huntingtons chorea (demetia and involuntary jerky movements in arms and legs
Glutamate: where and involved in what?: Hippocampus and memory
HINDBRAIN: Three structures: Medulla Obligata, Pons, cerebellum
Hippocampus: System and function: Limbic: Memory consolidation, Transfer from short-term to long-term. Damage causes severe antegrade amnesia (inability to form new permanent memories.
Hunger Brain areas and impact: lateral hypothalamus initiates eating response, while ventromedial hypothalamus inhibits eatintg.
Hypogonadism: def and Rx: Men with low circulating androgens. Androgen replacement helps.
Hypogonadism: what: low levels of androgen. adding androgen helps
Hypothalamus: In what main brain structure and does what?: Forebrain: controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine system via pituitary gland. Controls body's internal state (temp, fluids, metabolism, appetite). Controls motivated behaviors such as drinking, feeding and sex.
Internal Clock: Name and brain structure: Suprachiasmatic Nucleous(SCN) in the Hypothalamus. Pineal gland secretes melatonin for sleep at night
James-Lange Theory of Emotion:: people experience autonomic arrousal in response to environmental stimuli and then interprit as emotion. Eg. we are afraid because we tremble.
Left Hemisphere: Primary function:: Rational, logic,
Left hemisphere damage results: clinical depression, or intense anxiety
Limbic System three components:: Amygdala, septum and hippocampus
Low norepinephrine associated with?: depression
Low serotonin relates to: depression
Low sex desire in women. Which hormone?: Androgen
Medulla Obligata: function: vital centers for breathing, heart rate, blood pressure and digestion. Damage often fatal
Menopause impact on hormones:: all three major hormones drop.
Menopause reduced Estrogen causes?: hot flashes, insomnia, mood swings, vaginal dryness.
Menopause: what and symptoms: reduction in all three major hormones. Drop in Estrogen causes hot flashes, etc
Midbrain: Two main parts?: Substantia Nigra and reticular formation
Neuron Three Parts and function: Cell body, dendrites and axon. Dendrites are short fibers carry info from other neurons. Axons carry info away from cell body
Neurons that secrete acetylcholine are called: cholinergic neurons
Neurotransmitter basic function?: chemical messingers which carry info across the synapse which se0perate individual neurons.
Obesity Research:: Overwieght people are more likely to be emotional eaters.
Occipital Lobe: Primary function: Visuaol Cortex
Occipital Lobe: damage?: Contralateral blindness.
PONS: Where and what function?: Just above Medulla Oblongata and connects two halves of cerebellum. Regulates arousal.
Pancreas: Diabetes and hypoglycemia: Diabetes: under secretion, low blood pressure, flow and death, Hypoglycemia, hunger, dizziness, headaches, blurred vision, anxiety depression
Pancreas: Hormone, function: Insulin, causes cellular uptake and usage of glucose and amino acids
Parietal Lobe Lesions cause what?: insensitivity to touch on opposite side and contralateral disruption of motion from loss of muscle feedback
Parietal Lobe: Major functions: somatosensory cortex. touch-pressure, pain, temp
Peripheral Nervous system def: carry's info from the sense organs to the CNS
Pre-frontal Association Cortex: Function and damage result: Coordinates sensory and motor areas, damage affects cognition, executive function. also decreased initiative, deficient self-awareness and concreteness
Primary Motor Cortex: Def and what lobe: Frontal and voluntary movement.
Primary Motor Cortex: Lobe and damage result: Frontal, lesions produce contralateral motor weakness, paralysis and apraxia.
Progesterone: what and where: Just in women, sexual function and placenta during pregnency
Progesterones:: hormone in women, healthy functioning of repro system and placenta in pregnency
Psychophysics: Absolute thresholds and difference threshold:Defs: absolute threshold is the weakest stimulus a person can detect. Difference threshold is the smallest difference between two stimuli you can detect.
Psychophysics: Def: relationship between magnitood of physical stimuli and psychological sensations.
REM deprivation:: increase in anxiety and irratability and reversable
REM: def: rapid eye, absence of muscle tone, mixed freq EEG
Reticular Activating System(RAS): does what?: Includes fibers from reticular formation and arousesb the brain and facilitates information processing
Reticuolar Formation: Where and what: Midbrain: sleep, arrousal, pain and touch
Right Hemisphere damage results:: Apathy and indifference
Right Hemisphere: Function: artistic, music,
Septum: System and function: Limbic: Inhibits emotionality.
Sex and spinal cord injury.: appetite stays with erections but low rates of ejaculation.
Sexual Function and spinal cord injury in men: Doesn't reduce appetite, erections possible, but ejaculation is uncommon
Sexuaol Behavior: Sex hormones produced in what two organs?: Pituitary gland and gonads (ovaries and testes)
Sleep Cycle: How many how long: 4-6 and 100 minutes
Sleep Stage Four:: Delta waves, deep breathing and slow heart rate.
Sleep Stage One Waves:: Alpha
Sleep Stage Three:: large slow delta waves which dominate stage 4
Sleep Stage Two Waves:: theta waves and K complexes
Sleep Stages. How many and which contain REM?: Five and only fifth stage contains REM
Sleep and age: REM declines in absolute terms and percent
Sleep dreaming REM versus non-rem: dreaming occurs in both
Sleep stage one:: Alpha waves
Sleep stages: how many and where is REM: Five: last stage
Sleep: Slow wave, delta, deep sleep. What stage(s)?: THREE AND FOUR
Somatic Nervous System def: controls skelital muscles and voluntary movement. Also five senses
Somesthesis: Four sub-modalities: Touch, position, temperature and Pain
Sperry Split Brain: severs what, effect?: Corpus Collosum. Show latteralization of some functions.
Spinal Cord: function?: Carries info between brain and PNS
Substantia Nigra: Part of brain and function, major disease: in Midbrain, involved in movement, Parkinson's disease tremors and disturbances in voluntary movement
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic def: Part of autonomic nervous system. Activation of sympathetic division mobilizes body resources such as fight or flight, heart rate, blood flow to extremities
Tactile Agnosia: Where, what: Parietal Lobe, inability to identify objects by touch using contralateral hand
Temporal Lobe: Three mainj areas: Receptive language, Long term Memory, emotion, auditory cortex
Thalamous:: Central switching system. relays sensory information to cotex except Olfactory
The PNS has two main parts: Somatic and autonomic
Three anatomical structures:: Hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain
Thyroid: Hormone and function: Thyroxin, controls metabolism
Thyroid: Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism: HYPO: under secretion, slow metabolism, reduced appetite, weight gain, depression and HYPER: over secretion, elevated body temp, increased appetite, weight loss nervousness agitation
Two parts of nervous system: Central CNS and Peripheral PNS
Two processes terminate synaptic transmission by removing the neurotransmitter from the synapse: Reuptake: terminal buttons take up excess neurotransmitter and store for future use
Two processes terminate synaptic transmission by removing the transmitter from the synapse.: Reuptake: terminal buttons take up excess neuroT and store for future and Enzymatic degradation break down the neuroT
Visual Agnosia: Lobe and def: Occipital, inability to recognize objects
Wernicke's Aphasia: Def and brain area: impaired language comprehension. Temporal Lobe
Wernicke's Aphasia: Lobe and Def: Temporal, dysnomia (can't name objects) and unaware
Wernicke's Aphasia: Lobe, Def: Temporal, clear no sense speech. Unaware
Agnosia:: inability to recognize familiar objects
Visual Agnosia:: can't recognize objects by site
Associative Visual agnosia: disconnection of the visual and language areas of the brain
Prosopagnosia:: Inability to recognize familiar faces
Anosognosia:: inability to recognize one's own functional impairment. Usually due to stroke.
Hemiplegia:: paralysis on one side of the brain caused by damage on opposite side.
Akinesia:: Slow movement, blank facial exp. emotionless speech
Korsakoff's Syndrone:: retrograde and anterograde amnesia. AA Thiamine deficiency
Strokes: Impact: 50% survive. 10% fully recover. Most recovery is in first six months
Open Head Injury:: e.g. gunshot. Symptoms usually focal and often resolve rapidly
Closed Head trauma:: cause more widespread damage, often loose consciousness. Duration of antegrade is best predictor of degree and likelyhood of recovery
Huntingston's Chorea:: Motor disorder, reduced GABA, 50% genetic.
Huntington's Chorea Four stages:: one: Starts affective (depression, anxiety, mania), two: forgtfullness and motor symptoms, three: tics and jerky movements, four: some dementia
Parkinson's Motor Disorder cause: reduced Dopamine from substantia nigra also affecting basal ganglia
Parkinson's Affect: tremor, akinesia (slow movement, blank facial), 40% depressed, 20% depression before motor problems, some develop dementia later
Impramine, clomipramine, amitriptyline are what kind antidepressants: Triciclics
Tricyclics work how?: block reuptake of norepinepghrine and serotonin at synapse
Tricyclics best used where?: treating vegatative(psysiological) symptoms, Panic attacks, agoraphobia and obsessive states. Clomipramine commonly used for OCD
Anticholinergic effects: Class drugs and list: Tricylics, dry mouth, constapation, urinary retention, blurred vision and nasal congestion
Tricyclics: Overdose problem?: Lethal. And can't be used with MAOI's
Fluoxetine is a: SSRI
Sertraline is a: SSRI
Sertraline's brand name is: Zoloft
Paroxetine's brand name is: Paxil
Fluoxetine's brand name?: Prozac
Are SSRI's cardiotoxic?: no
SSRI side effects?: gastrointestinal problems, sexual dysfunction, headaches and may initially worsen sleep and anxiety
MAOI's: How work: block action of enzymes that break down norepinephrine and serotonin, making them more available at synapses
SSRI's How Work?: increase the availability of serotonin at the synapse by inhibiting its reuptake
Phenelzine (Nardil) and tranycypromine(Parnate) are what find of drugs?: MAOI's
MAOI's are recommended for what?: Atypical depression, including increased appetite, hypersomnia, mood reactivity
MAOI Side affects:: hypotension, dizziness, dry mouth, most serious potentially fatal hypertensive crisis with elevated blood pressure and convulsions
MAOI's conflict which what foods: Those that contain high levels of Tyramine such as beer, wine, aged cheese, packaged soup, soy sauce
Mood Stabilizers: treatment of choice: Lithium, most common for bipolar disorder. Reduces mania.
Lithium Side effects: gastric distress, weight gain, tremor, fatigue, mild cognition impairment, 35% have tremor. Too high can be fatal
Mood stabilizer alternative drugs are?: anticonvulsant drugs carbamazepine (Tegretol) and Valproic acid. Fewer side effects and works faster
Antipsychotics: Primary use?: Schizophrenia, acute mania and other disorders with psychotic features
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), thioridazine (Mellaril), haloperidol (Haldol) and clozapine (Clozaril) are what?: Antipsychotics
Antipsychoptics work how?: By blocking dopamine receptors in the brain.
Antipstychotic side effects:: anticholinergic: dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, Extrapyramidal side affects include various motor problems including stiffness, shuffling gate.
Tardive Dyskinesia: what drugs cause and def: anti-psychotics. usually after 6 months of use. abnormal involuntary movements, esp face, tongue, jaw. Can be alleviated through gradual withdrawal. Often temporary increase then symptoms decrease over time
Clozapine and agranulocytosis: decrease in white blood cells.
Benzodiazepines: Most common use: anti anxiety (anxiolytics)
Anxiolytic means: anti anxiety drug
Diazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam, lorazepam, triazolam are what class of drugs used for what: benzodiazepines for anti anxiety and panic disorder
Valium, Xanic, klonopin, ativan, halcion are what calss drugs used for what: benzodiazepines for anti anxiety and panic disorder
benzodiazepines: side effects: most common are drowsiness and sedation, also weight gain, apathy, dry mouth, gastric distress, paradoxical excitation, motor disturbances, sexual dysfunction
benzodiazepines: fatal side effect?: mixing with alcohol or other CNS depressant. Addictive as well
Barbiturates: treatment for anxiety has been replaced by benzodiazepines
Propranolol (inderal) what class and use?: Beta blocker and used for anxiety, particularly for public speaking and performance situations.
Psychostimulants: what drugs and use?: cocaine, amphetamines, methylphenidate (Ritalin)
methylphenidate is what drug: Ritalin
methylphenidate effects: decrease motor activity, diminish impulsiveness, increase vigilance and attention
methylphenidate side effects: reduced appetite, insomnia, dysphoria, can exacerbate tics. overdose can look like paranoid schizophrenia
Narcotic analgesics: what drugs: opium, morphene, codeine, as well as percodan, demerol and methadone
Methadone addictive?: almost as much as heroin, but withdraw milder
treatment ADHD: methylphenidate
Treatment alcoholism: Antabuse
Treatment: Anxiety drug class: benzodiazepine
Treatment: Anxiety drugs: diazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam, lorazepam, triazolam
Bipolar Disorder: Drugs classes used: mood stabilizers and anticonvulsants
Depression: Three main drug classes: MAOI's, Tricyclic, SSRI's
MAOI Brand names 2: Nardil Parnate
MAOI Generic names 2: phenelzine and tranylcypromine
Tricyclic brands 3: Tofranil Anafranil Elavil
Tricyclic Generic names 3: imipamine clomipramine amitriptyline
SSRI generic names 3: fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline
Enuresis: What drug class: Tricyclics
Heroin Addiction. generic and Brand drug: methadone, Dolophine
OCD: What two classes of drugs: SSRI's and tricyclics
Panic Attacks: what drug and class: Xanax, Benzodiazepine
Schizophrenia: Two drugs, generic and brand and class: Haldol is haloperidol and Thorazine is chlorpromazine. Both antipsychotics
Tourette's. two drugs and class: haldol and Orap (pimozide), antipsychotic

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