Chapter 5 Human Body in Health and Disease
Terms
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- physical, mental and social well-being
- Health
- abnormality in body function and threatens well being
- Disease
- study of disease
- Pathology
- objective abnormalities that can be seen or measured
- Sign
- subjective abnormalities felt only by the patient
- Symptoms
- collection of different signs and symptoms, usually with a comon cause
- Syndrome
- when signs and symptoms persist for a short time, then disappear
- Acute
- disease that develop slowly and lasts a long time (perhaps for life)
- Chronic
- characteristics of a disease somewhere between acute and chronic
- Subacute
- the study of all factors involved in causing a disease (theory of disease's cause)
- Etiology
- disease with undertermined causes
- Idiopathic
- disease can be transmitted from one person to another
- Communicable
- patterns of disease's development
- Pathogenesis
- stage during which the virus establishes itself in the patient, no signs or symptoms
- Latent/Hidden
- in an infectious disease, signs and symptoms occur
- Incubation
- recovery stage
- Convelescence
- reversal of a chronic disease
- Remission
- study of the occurance, distribution and transmission of disease in humans
- Epidemiolgy
- disease that is native to a local region
- Endemic
- a disease that spreads to many individuals
- Epidemic
- an epidemic that affets large geographical areas, even extending around the world
- Pandemic
- organized study of the underlying physiological processes associated with disease, general study of disease, understanding the mechanisms of a disease and its pathognesis
- Pathophysiology
- altered/mutated genes cause production of abnormal proteins that often can't perform their normal function or perform an abnormal function ie. cystic fibrosis
- Genetic Mechanism
- disease causing organisms ie parasites, microbes, viruses, bacteria and fungi
- Pathogenic
- neoplasms (new growth) that are abnormal tissue growths
- Tumors or Cancer
- toxic chemicals, extreme heat or cold, mechanical injury ie radiation burns, fractures, exposure to loud noises, exposure to allergens, poisonings
- Physical and Chemical Agents
- insufficient or imbalanced intake of nutrients ie beri beri, folate or iron deficiency anemia, Kwashiorkor, pernicious anemia, rickets, scurvy
- Malnutrition
- one's own immune system attacks the body ie Addison disease, cardiomyopathy, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, ulcerative colitis
- Autoimmunity
- inappropriate or abnormally severe, prolonged inflammatory response
- Inflammation
- breakdown of tissues by many still unknown processes
- Degeneration
- and inherited trait that puts a person at a higher risk of developing a specific disease ie sickle cell anemia, light colored skin related to sun exposure and skin cancer
- Genetic Factors
- biological and behavior differences at various stages of like ie middle ear infections in younger people
- Age
- environmental exposures/diet can affect whether we contract illness or stay well ie working outside, low roughage diets and bowel cancer or cardiovascular diseases
- Lifestyle
- constant stress triggers the sympathetic nervous system and can lead to high blood pressure , headaches and ulcers
- Stress
- factors such as climate (cold/heat) or pollution can lead to diseases such as parasite infections, lung disease or damage due to freezing or sunburn
- Environment
- a primary infection, such as AIDS, can result in a secondary (opportunistic) infection such as pneumonia
- Preexisting conditions
- intracellular parasites that consist of a nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) core with a protein coat; not a living organism but can multiply and have a genetic code; they pirate host cell nutrients and organelles to produce more virus particles.
- Viruses
- a tiny primitive cell without a nucleus; causes disease in several ways: can secrete toxins, become intracellular parasites, form colonies that disrupt normal body functions; are classified according to function (aerobic/anaerobic), staining properties (
- Bacteria
- simple organisms (plant-like) that do not have chloropyll and because they can't produce their own food, must consume (parasitize) other organisms ie yeasts and molds
- Fungi
- one cell organisms, larger than bacteria, with DNA organized into a nuclus; infects or destroys human cells ie amoebas, flagellates such as Giardia, ciliates, coccidia and sporazoa that cause malaria
- Protozoa
- large multicellular organisms that parasitize/injure humans
- Pathogenic animals (metazoa)
- (roundworms): infest a variety of human tissues; large parasites; transmitted by food or biting flies
- Nematodes
- (flatworms/flukes): schistosoma, liver flukes, pork and beef tapeworms
- Platyhelminthes
- (mites, ticks, lice and fleas): includes spiders, scorpions, mosquitoes and bees
- Anthropods
- destruction of all living organisms: instruments are sterilized in autoclaves or by radiation between uses by different people
- Sterilization
- destruction of most or all pathogens on an object; achieved through use of chemicals, wiping down surfaces or bathing surfaces; commonly used chemicals include: alchohol, iodine, chlorine, phenol, and soaps
- Disinfection
- inhibition or inactivation of pathogens through use of chemicals such as alcohol, chlorhexidine, iodine
- Antisepsis
- seperation of infected people from non-infected people through the use of quarantine or special gowns/masks/gloves and rooms
- Isolation
- spread of disease due to contact between an infected person and another person; pathogens can be spread via the air, handling contaminated materials or most often thru physical contact ie common cold
- Person to person contact
- pathogens found in local environments (food, water supply, soil, or surfaces in the home, school or workplace) can be spread when individuals come incontact ie C. dificile infection spreads via contact with spore left in the room
- Environmental contact
- organisms that live on another organism can multipy and cause serious illness if conditions change and the infective organism gets the opportunity to grow ie vaginal yeast infection related to antibiotic use
- Opportunistic invasion
- a vector (carrier of a pathogenic organism) infects another organism ie mosquito with West Nile virus or malaria bits a human and transmits the disease
- Transmission from a vector
- a killed or weakened (attenuated) pathogen is injected into a person and stimulates the immune system of that person the create antibodies, which make the person resistant to the original pathogen
- Vaccine
- a compound produced by a living organism that destroys or inhibits the growth of pathogens ie penicillin produced by a fungus and streptomycin produced by a bacterium
- Antibiotic
- an agent that inhibits reproduction of viruses but does not kill them; used to control viral infections ie acyclovir, AZT
- Antiviral
- abnormal growth of cells or a tumor
- Neoplasm
- tumors that remain localized
- Benign
- tumors that spread to other parts of the body
- Malignant
- another name for malignant tumor
- Cancer
- spread of cancerous cells from the original tumor to other sites in the body where new tumors form
- Metastasis
- a benign tumor arising from epithelial tissue that forms a fingerlike projection ie warts
- Papilloma
- benign tumor of glandular epithelium
- Adenoma
- pigmented tumors of the skin arising from epithelial tissue ie moles
- Nevus
- a benign connective tissue tumor arrising from adipose (fat) tissue
- Lipoma
- a benign connective tissue arising from bone
- Osteoma
- a benign connective tissue tumor arising from cartilage tissue
- Chondroma
- a malignant carcinoma arising from epithelial tissue (specifically melanocytes, the pigment producing skin cells)
- Melanoma
- generalized term for malignant tumors arising from glandular epithelium
- Adenocarcinoma
- malignant connective tissue tumors arising from lymphatic tissue
- Lymphoma
- malignant connective tissue tumor arising from bone tissue
- Osteosarcoma
- connective tissue malignancy arising from bone marrow
- Myeloma
- malignant tumor arinsing from fibrous connective tissue
- Fibrosarcoma
- a syndrome associated with cancer and other chronic diseases that involves loss of appetite, loss of weight and generalized weakness
- Cachexia
- prediction of what lies in store for the individual based on their current diagnosis
- Prognosis
- certain types of cancers appear to be linked to "cancer genes" (oncogenes) inherited from one's ancestors ie some types of breast cancers and neuroblastomas
- Genetic factors
- chemicals can affect the genetic activity in some way that results in abnormal cell division ie benzene is a known carcinogen
- Carcinogens
- certain types of cancer (leukemia)are more likely to occur in younger people; others (colon cancer) in older people
- Age
- exposure to toxic chemicals, sunlight, radiation, metals such as nickel and chromium, and inhalation of asbestos can lead to cancers
- Environment
- viruses affect the genetic machinery of cells; the papiloma virus has been found to cause cervical cancers in women ie genital warts
- Viruses
- sores that wont heal, unusual bleeding (rectal or urine or from moles), changes in warts or moles, a lump or thickening of tissue, persistent hoarseness or cough, chronic indigestion, a change in bowel or bladder function, or bone pain that wakes a perso
- 8 warning signs of cancer
- performing a monthly self exam of breasts and testicles, feeling for lumps and thickening of tissue
- Self examination
- X-rays beamed through a person combined with computer interpretation gives images of sections of the body (CT Scan)
- Computerized tomography
- a scanner that uses magnetic fields to induce tissues to emit radio frequency waves which are interpreted by a computer to produce sectional images, often produces sharper images to soft tissues than a CT scanner can (MRI)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- high frequency (ultrasonic)waves reflect off of internal structures to produce an image (a sonogram), does not involve the use of X-rays, image is not as sharp as other methods of scanning
- Ultrasound
- the removal and examination (usually under a microscope) of tissue
- Biopsy
- with some types of cancer, the concentration of normal blood components (ions or enzymes) may be changed; also, certain types of cancer cells may produce or trigger production of tumor markers (abnormal substances)in the blood.
- Blood tests
- use of cytotoxic (cell killing)or antineoplastic drugs to destroy malignant cells; can harm normal cells
- Chemotherapy
- use of destructive X-rays or gamma radiation to destroy cancer cells; can harm normal cells
- Radiation therapy
- use of intense beams of light to destroy a tumor
- Laser therapy
- giving medications to boost the body's own immune system to fight off cancer cells
- Immunotherapy
- removal of a cancerous lesion
- Surgical intervention
- heat, redness, swelling and pain
- 4 primary signs of inflamation
- chemicals that begin the inflammatory response when tissue cells are damaged
- Inflammation mediators
- the fluid that accumulates around damaged/inflammed tissues that has blood proteins that form a clot; eventually, is cleared away by the lymphatic system
- Exudate
- the movement of white blood cells to an area of tissue injury in response to release of certain chemicals by the damaged tissue cells
- Chemotaxis
- thickened inflammatory exudates with the remains of dead cells and bacteria, wbc and other debris
- Pus
- occurs when an irritant spreads throughout the entire body or when inflammatory mediators cause changes throughout the body
- Systemic inflammation
- occurs when inflammation is confined to a specific part of the body
- Local inflammation
- in immediate, protective response that promotes elimination of an irritant and subsequent tissue repair
- Acute inflammation
- can be either local or systemic but always leads to tissue damage ie arthritis, asthma, eczema, chronic bronchitis
- Chronic inflammation
- a systemic inflammatory response related to mediators causing the central nervous system to reset its thermostat to a higher than normal temperature; thought to kill/inhibit infecting microorganisms
- Fever
- tissue repair where new cells are similar in function to the damaged cells
- Regeneration
- new cells are different from the original cells and form scar tissue
- Replacement
- fibrous tissue replaces damaged tissue
- Fibrosis
- doctor specialized in cancer
- Oncologist
- a physician who studies disease pattern in specific groups of people
- Epidemiologists
- large round bacteria found singly, in pairs, or on strings
- Cocci
- large rod shaped cells found singly or in groups
- Bacilli
- a primary condition can put a person at risk for developing a ___________condition
- Secondary
- conditions caused by psychological factors are sometimes called___________ disorders
- Psychogenic
- scientists at the ________ ________ ________ ________ continuosly track the spread of disease in this country and worldwide
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Genetic factors, age , lifestyle, stress, environmental factors and prexisting conditions are ________ ________ that may be responsible for predisposing a person to disease
- Risk Factors
- Autoimmunity literally means ________
- Self immunity
- abnormal tissue growths may also be refered to as ________
- Neoplasms
- an organism that lives in or on another organism to obtain its nutrients is called a ________
- Parasites
- altered or ________ genes can cause abnormal proteins to be made
- Mutated
- many diseases are best understood as disturbances of ________
- Homeostasis
- the smallest of all pathogens (microscopic, non-living particles) are called ________
- Viruses
- a tiny primitive cell without a nucleus is called ________
- Bacterium
- an example if a viral disease is ________
- Mononucleosis
- bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism are classified as ________
- Aerobic
- Bacilli are shaped like ________
- Rods
- without chlorophyll, ________ cannot produce their own food, so they must consume or parasitize other organisms
- Fungi
- Protazoa include
- Amoebas, flagellates, ciliates
- pathogenic animals include
- Nematodes, platyhelminths, and arthropods
- The key to preventing disease caused by pathogenic organisms is to
- Stop them from entering the body
- The destruction of all living organisms is
- Sterilization
- ways in which pathogens can spread
- Person to person, environmental contact, opportunistic invasion, transmission by vector
- Compounds produced by certain living organisms that kill or inhibit pathogens are
- Antibiotics
- Benign tumors usually grow (slowly/quickly)
- Slowly
- Malignant tumors (are or are not) encapsulated
- Are not
- An example of a benign tumor that arises from epithellial tissue is (papiloma/lipoma)
- Papiloma
- A general term for malignant tumor that arise from connective tissue is (melanoma/sarcoma)
- Sarcoma
- Abnormal, undifferentiated tumor cells are often produced by a process called (hyperplasia/anaplasia)
- Anaplasia
- A cancer specialist is an (osteologist/oncologist)
- Oncologist
- The Papanicolaou test is a (biopsy/MRI)
- Biopsy
- (Staging/Grading) involves classifying a tumor based on its size and the extent of its spread.
- Staging
- Cachexia involves a loss of (appetite/hair)
- Appetite
- As tissue cells are damaged they release inflammation mediators such as histamines, prostaglandins, and kinins (T/F)
- True
- Inflammatory exudate is quickly removed by lymphatic vessels and carried to lymph nodes, which act as filters (T/F)
- False (Slowly)
- Inflammation mediators can also act as signals that attract red blood cells to the injury site (T/F)
- False (White)
- The movement of white blood cells in response to chemical attractants is called chemotaxis (T/F)
- True
- When new cells are similar to those that they replace, the proces is known as replacement (T/F)
- False (Regeneration)
- Fevers usually subside after the irritant has been elimnated (T/F)
- True
- The fever response in children and in the elderly often differs from that in the normal adult (T/F)
- True
- Roundworm
- Nematode
- Cancer gene
- Oncogene
- Rod-Shaped cells
- Bacilli
- Spreads disease to other organisms
- Vector
- Lack chlorophyll
- Fungi
- Possess pseudopodia
- Amebas
- Tissue swelling
- Edema
- Glandular cancer
- Adenocarcinoma
- Microscopic organism
- Microbe
- Thick inflammatory exudate
- Pus
- If antibodies are found in an immunological test, it is assumed that
- The patient has been exposed to a pathogen
- Streptomycin is an example of
- Antibiotic
- Study of the underlying physiological processes associated with disease leads to
- Strategies of treatment and prevention
- Sever loss of appetite, weight loss, and general weakness in a cancer patient describes
- Cachexia
- When signs and symptoms of a disease appear suddenly, persist for a long time, then disappear, the disease is said to be
- Acute
- The actual pattern of a disease's development is called
- Pathogenesis
- The most significant strategy for combating disease is
- Therapy and prevention
- Which is not a disease mechanism a.genetic mechanisn, b.malnutrition, c.autoimmunity, d.inflammation
- All are disease mechanisms
- What is autoimmunity
- The immune system attacking the body
- Conditions caused by psycholgical factors are sometimes called
- psychogenic
- Microscopic organisms that include bacteria, fungi and protazoa are called
- Microbes
- Severe acute respiraory syndrome (SARS) is caused by
- Flavivirus
- Prions can best be described as
- a pathogenic protein molecule that converts normal protein to abnormal proteins
- What means are used to classify bacteria
- staining properties, shape and size, function
- Where would you find pathogenic fungi?
- on or near the skin or mucous membranes
- A vector of a disease is
- an organism that spreads disease to other organisms
- An attenuated pathogen that is given to a person to stimulate immunity is called
- Vaccine
- Describe a malignant neoplasm
- not encapsulated and migrates via the lymphatic or blood vessels
- Malignant tumors that arise from epithelia tissues generally are called
- Carcinomas
- This type of benign tumor forms from glandular epithelium
- Adenoma
- Describe the proccess of hyperplasia
- production of too many cells
- What is the oldest and most widely used method of noninvasive imaging of the internal body structures
- Radiography
- Inflammatory exudates can be described as
- fluid that accumulates in the inflammed tissues
- The movement of white blood cells in response to chemical attractants is called
- Chemotaxis
- requiring an absence of oxygen
- anaerobic
- microbe that thrive in very harsh environments that are very hot , very acid or very salty, none have been found to infect humans
- archaea
- round or oval bacteria that can only reproduce in other cells, sometimes called obligate parasites ie rickettsia, chlamydia
- small bacteria