Glossary of Cell Cycle and Intro to Genetics biology 1
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- Gametes
- reproductive cells such as sperm and eggs
- Somatic Cells
- Body belonging
- Mitosis
- devision of the genetic material that produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to their parent.
- Cytokinesis
- division of cytoplasm, occur right after telophase I, forming two haploid daughter cells
- Chromosome
- threadlike structures, Consists of a single, long DNA double helix that is wrapped around proteins.
- DNA
- encodes the cells hereditary information, or genetic material.
- Mitotic Phase
- Dividing phase
- Interphase
- G1,S,G2 During G1 and G2 the compents grow. S phase duplicated genetic material DNA
- gene
- is a segment of DNA that contains the information for synthesizing a particular polypeptide or RNA molecule.
- Histones
- In a chromosome the globular proteins that the DNA is associated with.
- Chromatin
- In eukaryotes the DNA-protein complex
- Chromatid (sister Chromatid)
- Each of the DNA copies in a replicated chromosome. Sister are copies of same chromosome
- centromere
- The two chromatids are joined together along the entire length as well at a specialized region
- IPPMAT
- Interphase, Prophase, Prometa phase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
- Prophase
- Chromosome already replicated during interphase, chromosome condense into compact structures. Makred by mitotic spindle
- Mitotic Spindle
- Is a structure that produces mechanical forces that pull chromosomes into the daughter cells during mitosis. First Created during Prophase. Consists of array of microtubles.
- Spindle Fibers
- The groups of microtubles that attach to the chromosomes
- Centrosomes
- The microtuble-organzation center responsible for mitotic spindle formation
- Centrioles
- found in centrosomes
- Prometaphase
- Nuclear envelope breaks down nucleolus disappears. Spindle fibers connect to each chromosome at locations called kinetochore
- Kinetochore
- Location that spindle fibers attach to sister chromotids. Located at centromere region
- Metaphase
- (middle phase), animal centrosomes completer their migration to oppisite sides of cell and chromosomes complete migration to the middle.
- Metaphase plate
- When metaphase is over the chromosomes are lined up at imaginary line plane
- Anaphase
- Sister chromatids seperate. Chromosomes are pulled to oppisite sides of cell.
- Telophase
- (end phase) a nuclear envelope begins to form around each set of chromosomes. The mitotic spindle disintegrates.
- Sperm Cell
- A male reproductive cell
- Egg Cell
- A female reproductive cell
- Fertilization
- The process of uniting sperm and egg
- Embryo
- Newly growing offspring
- Meiosis
- is nuclear division thta leads to halving of chromosome number.
- Homologous chromosomes (homologs)
- Two chromosomes that have the same size and shape. a pair of chromosomes, one from each parent, which carry genes for the same traits, in the same order. In a karyotype, the members of a homologous pair look alike, for example, the pair of chromosome 1 look alike
- Sex Chromosomes
- Chromosomes that designate sex.
- Autosomes
- All non-sex chromosomes
- Allele
- Different versions of a particular gene.
- Karyotype
- The number and types of chromosomes present. The chromosomal complement of a cell, individual or species often shown as a picture of chromosomes arranged in order from largest to smallest
- Haploid
- a single set of chromosomes (half of the full set of genetic material). In humans, the haploid number of chromosomes is 23
- Diploid
- A full set of genetic material, consisting of paired chromosomes one chromosome from each parental set. Most animal cells except the gametes have a diploid set of chromosomes. The diploid human genome has 46 chromosomes. Compare haploid
- Ploidy
- The number and n is termed. The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or an organism. For example, haploid means one set and diploid means two sets
- polyploid
- Have three or more of each type of chromosome in each cell.
- gametogenesis
- the process which the daughter cells from meiosis 1 and 2 form egg cells or sperm cells
- Zygote
- The cell that results from fertiliztaion which is full complement of chromosomes. 1 set from mother 1 from fater.
- Maternal Chromosomes
- Come from the mother
- Paternal chromosomes
- come from the father
- Crossing over
- During prophase 1 non sister chromatids interact with each other to cross over.
- Synapse
- two pairs of non-sister chromatids are brought close together and cause crossing over.
- Role of Crossing over
- Produces new combinations of alleles on the same chromosome.
- Factor/allele
- Different versions of the same gene.
- Genotype
- Alleles that are found in a particular individual
- Outcrossing
- Gametes from different individuals combine to form offspring.
- Metaphase I
- Tetrads line up, chromosome of each pairs face the pole , homologous attached to microtubules form opp. pole
- Anaphase I
- Pairs of homologous chromosomes spilt up, sister chromatids remain attached.
- Telophase I
- each half has complete haploid set; chromosomes are still double.
- between the end of M I and beginning of M II
- no chromosome replicated
- Prophase II
- spindle forms, in late PII chromosomes still have two chromatids
- Mataphase II
- chromosome line up in the middle as in mitosis
- Anaphase II
- sister chromatids seperate, and move as two individual chromosomes toword opp. poles
- Telophase II and cytokenesis
- Nuclei forms , chromosome condensing. The meiotic division of one parent cell form 4 hapliod daughter cells with unreplicated chromosome
- DNA replication
- mito- occurs during interphase before mitosis begins
meio-occurs during interphase before meioI begins
- Early Prophase 1
- Chromosomes condense, spindle apparatus forms.
- Synapsis
- Pairing process of homologous chromosomes forming the tetrad
- Late Prophase 1
- non-sister chromatids begin to seperate, but still connected in X shape called Chiasma. Crossing over occured
- Chiasma
- Crossover forms an X-shaped structure of chromosomes
- synapsis of homologous chromosomes
- mito-doesn't occur
meio-occur during Prophase I, forming tetrads and crossing over
- # of daughter cell and genetic composition
- mito-two, each diploid(2n), identical to parent cell
meio-one, each haploid(n), genetically diff from parent cell and from each other
- Number of divisions
- mito-one including P,M,A,T
Meio-two including P,M,A,T
- Role in animal body
- Mito-produces cell growth and tissue repair; multicellular adult to arise from zygote
meio-Produces gametes, reduce chromosomes by half