CMT Chapter 9 The blood and lymphatic system
Terms
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- agglutination
- the clumping together of cells as a result of interaction with specific antibodies called agglutinins. Agglutinins are used in blood typing and in identifying or estimating the strength of immunoglobulins or immune serums
- albumin
- a plasma protein In blood, albumin helps to maintain blood volume and blood pressure
- allergen
- a substance that can produce a hypersensitive reaction in the body
- allergy
- a hypersensitive reaction to normally harmless antigens, most of which are environmental
- anaphylaxis
- an exaggerated, life-threatening hypersensitivity reactionto a previously encountered antigen
- anisocytosis
- an abnormal condition of the blood characterized by red blood cells of variable and abnormal size
- antibodies
- substances producedby the body in response to bacteria, viruses, or other foreign substances. Each class of antibody is named for its action
- antigens
- a substance, usually a protein, that causes the formation of an antibody and reacts specifically with that antibody
- ascites
- an abnormal intraperitoneal (within the peritoneal cavity) accumulation of a fluid containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes
- basophil
- a granulocytic white blood cell characterized by cytoplasmic granules that stain blue when exposed to a basic dye. Basophils represent 1% or less of the total white blood cell count
- bilirubin
- the orange-yellow pigment of bile formed principally by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells afer termination of their normal life span
- coagulation
- the process of transforming a liquid into a solid, especially of the blood
- corpuscle
- any cell of the body; a red or white blood cell
- differentiation
- a process in development in which unspecialized cells or tissues are systematically modified and altered to achieve specific and characteristic physical forms, physiologicc functions, and chemical properties
- dyscrasia
- an abnormal condition of the blood or bone marrow, such as leukemia, aplastic anemia or prenatal Rh incompatibility
- edema
- the accumulation of fluid within the tissue spaces
- electrophoresis
- the movement of charged suspended particles through a liquid medium in response to changes in an electric field. Charged particles of a given substance migrate in a predictable direction and at a characteristic speed
- enzyme
- an organic substance that initiates and accelerates a chemical reaction
- eosinophin
- a granulocyte, bilobed leukocyte somewhat larger than a neutrophil characterized by large numbers of coarse, refractile, cytoplasmic granules that stain with the acid dye eosin
- erythremia
- an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells
- erythroblast
- an immature red blood cell
- erythrocyte
- a mature red blood cell
- erythropoiesis
- the process of red blood cell production
- erythropoietin
- a hormone synthesized mainly in the kidneys and released into the blood stream in responseto anoxia (lack of oxygen) The hormone acts to stimulate and regulate the production of erythrocytes and is thus able to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
- fibrin
- a stringy, insoluble protein that is the substance of a blood clot
- fibrinogen
- a plasma protein that is converted into fibrin by thrombin in the presence of calcium ions
- globin
- a group of four globulin protein molecules that become bound by the iron in home molecules to form hemoglobin
- globulin
- a plasma portein made in the liver. Globulin helps in the synhesis of antibodies
- granulocytes
- a type of leukocyte characterized by the presence of cytoplsmic granules
- hematologist
- a medical specialist in the field of hematology
- hematology
- the scientific study of blood and blood-forming tissues
- heme
- the pigmented, iron-containing, nonprotein protion of the hemoglobin molecule. Heme binds and carries oxygen in the red blood cells, releasing it to tissues that give off excess amounts of carbon dioxide
- hemoglobin
- a complex protein-iron compound in the blood that carries oxygen to the cells from the lungs and carbon dioxide away from the cells to the lungs
- hemolysis
- the breakdown of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin that occurs normally at the end of the life span of a red cell
- hemorrhage
- the loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time, either externally or internally. Hemorrhage may be arterial, venous, or capillary
- hemostasis
- the termination of bleeding by mechanical or chemical means or by the complex coagulation process of the body, consisting of vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation and thombin and fibrin synthesis
- heparin
- a naturally occurring anticlotting factor present in the body
- hyperalbuminemia
- an increased level of albumin in the blood
- hyperbilirubinemia
- greater than normal amounts of the bile pigment, bilirubin in the blood
- hyperlipemia or hyperlipidemia
- an excessive level of blood fats, usually caused by a lipoprotein lipase deficiency or a defect in the converison of low-density lipoproteins to high-density lipoproteins
- ion
- an electrically charged particle
- leukocyte
- a white blood cell, one of the formed elements of the circulating blood system
- leukocytopenia
- an abnormal decrease in number of white blood cells to fewer than 5, 000 cells per cubic millimeter
- megakarocyte
- an extremely large bone marrow cell
- monocyte
- a large mononuclear leukocyte
- myeloid
- of or pertaining to the bone marrow or spinal cord
- neutrophil
- a polymorphonuclear (multilobed nucleus), granular leukocyte that stains easily with neutral dyes
- pancytopenia
- a marked reduction in the number of the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
- plasma
- the watery, straw-colored fluid portion of the lymph and the blood in which the leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets are suspended
- platelet
- a clotting cell; a thrombocyte
- prothrombin
- a plamsa protein precursor of thrombin. It is synthesized in the liver if adequate vitamin K is present
- reticulocyte
- an immature erythrocyte characterized by a meshlike pattern of threads and particles at the former site of the nucleus
- septicemia
- systemic infection in which pathogens are present in the circulating bloodstream, having spred from an infection in any part of the body
- seroconversion
- a change in serologic tests from negative to positive as antibodies develop in reaction to an infection or vaccine
- serology
- the branch of laboratory medicine that studies blood serum for evidence of infection by evaluating antigen-antibody reactions
- splenomegaly
- an abnormal enlargement of the spleen
- stem cell
- a formative cell; a cell whose daughter cells may give rise to other cell types
- thrombin
- an enzyme formed from prothrombin, calcuim and trhomboplastin in plasma during the clotting process; it causes fibrinogen to change to fibrin, which is essential in the formation of a clot
- thrombocyte
- a clotting cell; a platelet
- thrombocytopenia
- an abnormal hematologic condition in which the number of platelets is reduced
- thromboplastin
- a complex substance that initiates the clotting process by converting prothrombin into thrombin in the presence of calcium ion
- thrombus
- a clot
- agglutin/o
- to clump
- aniso-
- unequal
- bas/o
- base
- blast/o, -blast
- embryonic stage of development
- chrom/o
- color
- coagul/o
- clotting
- cyt/o
- cell
- -emia
- blood condition
- eosin/o
- red, rosy
- erythr/o
- red
- -globin
- containing protein
- hem/o
- blood
- hemat/o
- blood
- is/o
- equal
- kary/o
- nucleus
- leuk/o
- white
- -lytic
- destruction
- mono-
- one
- morph/o
- form, shape
- myel/o
- bone marrow or spinal cord
- nucle/o
- nucleus
- -oid
- resembling
- -osis
- condition
- -penia
- decrease in; deficiency
- -phage
- to eat
- phag/o
- to eat
- -philia
- attraction to
- -phoresis
- transmission
- -poiesis
- formation
- poikil/o
- varied; irregular
- sider/o
- iron
- spher/o
- round; sphere
- -stasis
- stopping or controlling
- thromb/o
- clot
- anemia
- a condition in which ther is a deficiency of oxygen being delivered to the cells because of a decrease in the quantity of hemoglobin or red blood cells
- anemia, aplastic
- also called bone marrow depression anemia, aplastic anemia is characterized by pancytopenia, an inadequacy of the formed blood elements (RBCs, WBCs & platelets)
- anemia, hemolytic
- characterized by the extreme reduction in ciruclating RBCs due to their destruction
- anemia, pernicious
- results from a deficiency of mature RBCs and the formation and circulation of megaloblasts (large nucleated, immature, poorly functioning RBCs) with marked poikilocytosis (RBC shaped variation) and anisocytosis (RBC size variation)
- anemia, sickle cell
- a chronic hereditary form of hemolytic anemia in which the RBCs become shaped like a crescent in the presence of low oxygen concentration.
- granulocytosis
- an abnormally elevated number of granulocytes in the ciruclating blood as a reaction to any variety of inflammation or infection
- hemochromatosis
- a rare iron metabolism disease characterized by iron deposits throughout the body, usually as a complication of one of the hemolytic anemias
- hemophilia
- involves different hereditary inadequacies of coagulation factors resulting in prolonged bleeding times.
- leukemia (ALL, AML & CML)
- an excessive uncontrolled increase of immature WBCs in the blood eventually leading to infection, anemia, and thrombocytopenia (decreased number of platelets)
- AML (acute myelogenous leukemia)
- predominated by immature granulocytes
- acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
- predominated by immature lymphocytes and develops most frequently in chldren and adolescents
- (CML) Chronic myelogenous leukemia
- has immature and mature granulocytes existing in the bloodstream and bone marrow
- (CLL) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- predominated by exceptional amounts of lymphocytes found in the spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes that are abnormal, small and mature
- multiple myeloma (plasma cell myeloma)
- A malignant plasma cell neoplasm, multiple myeloma causes an increase in the number of both mature and immature plasma cells, which often entirely replace the bone marrow and destroy the skeletal structure
- polycythemia vera
- an abnormal increase in the number of RBCs, granulocytes and thrombocytes leading to an increase in blood volume and viscosity (thickness)
- purpura
- a collection of blood beneath the skin in the form of pinpoint hemorrhages appearing as red-purple skin discoloration.
- Thalassemia
- a hereditary form of hemolytic anemia in which the alpha or beta hemoglobin chains are defective and the production of hemoglobin is deficient, creating hypochromic microcytic RBCs
- direct antiglobulin test (Coomb's test)
- used to discover the presence of antierythrocyte antibodies present in the blood of an Rh negative woman. The production of these antibodies is associated with an Rh incompatibility between a pregnant Rh negative woman and her Rh positive fetus.
- bleeding time
- measurement of the time required for bleeding to stop
- blood transfusion
- an administration of blood or a blood component to an individual to replace blood lost through surgery, trauma, or disease
- bone marrow biopsy
- the microscopic exam of bone marrow tissue, which fully evaluates hematopoiesis by revealing the number, shape, and size of the RBCs and WBCs and platelet precursors.
- bone marrow transplant
- after receiving an intravenous infusion of agressive chemotherapy or total-body irradiation to destroy all malignant cells and to inactivate the immune system, a donor's bone marrow cells are infused intravenously into the recipient.
- complete blood cell count (CBC)
-
a series of tests performed on the peripheral blookd, which inexpensively screens for problems in the hematologic system as well as several other organ systems.
Includes:
RBC count, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, RBC indices, WBC count, WBC differential, blood smear, platelet count - erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- a test performed on the blood, which measures the rate at which red blood cells settle out of a tube of unclotted blood. The ESR is determined by measuring the settling distance of RBCs in normal saline over 1 hour. ESR will be increased in pneumonia, acute myocardial infarction, severe anemia, and cancer. ESR will be decreased in congestive heart failure, sickle cell anemia, polycythemia vera and angina pectoris
- hematocrit
- an assessment of RBC percentage in the total blood volume.
- hemoglobin test
- concentration measurement of the hemoglobin in the peripheral blood. As a vehicle for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, hemoglobin levels provide information about the body's ability to supply tissues with oxygen
- lipid profile
- a lipid profile measures the lipids in the blood.
- partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
- a blood test used to evaluate the common pathway and system of clot formation within the body
- platelet count
- the count of platelets per cubic millimeter of blood. Counts of 150,000 - 400,000 mm3 are deemed normal
- prothrombin time (PT)
- is a blood test used to evaluate the common pathway and extrinsic system of clot formation. Normal pt is 11.0 to 12.5 seconds. Critical value is over 20 seconds.
- red blood cell count (RBC)
-
the measurement of the circulating number of RBCs in 1 mm3 of peripheral blood.
Normal for females is 4.2 -6.2 million/cubic milimeters and in males is 4.6 - 6.2 million/cubic milimeters - red blood cell morphology
- is an examination of the RBC on a stained blood smear that enables the examiner to identify the form and shape of the RBCs.
- reticulocyte count
- a measurement of the number of circulating reticulocytes, immature erythrocytes, in a blood specimen.
- rouleaux
- an aggregation of RBCs viewed through the microscope that may be an artifact or may occur with persons with multiple myeloma as a result of abnormal proteins
- Schilling Test
- a diagnostic analysis for pernicious anemia
- white blood cell count (WBC)
- the measurement of the circulating number of WBCs in 1 mm3 of peripheral blood.
- white blood cell differential
- a measurement of the percentage of each specific type of circulating WBCs present in 1 mm3 of peripheral blood drawn for the WBC count.
- Ab
- antibody
- Ag
- antigen
- ABO
- blood groups: A, AB, B and O
- AHF
- antihemophilic factor (blood coagulation factor VIII)
- AHG
- antihemolytic globulin
- ALL
- acute lymphatic leukemia
- AML
- acute myelogenous leukemia (Lou Gherig's disease)
- BMT
- bone marrow transplant
- CBC
- complete blood (cell) count
- CLL
- cholesterol-lowering lipid chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- diff. diag.
- differential diagnosis
- eos.
- eosinophil
- ESR
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- G-CSF
- granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
- GM-CSF
- granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- Hb, Hbg, Hgb
- hemoglobin
- Hct
- hematocrit
- HDL
- high-density lipoprotein
- IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
- imunoglobulin A, D, E, G, and M respectively
- LDL
- low-density lipoprotein
- lymph
- lymphocyte
- MCH
- mean cell hemoglobin
- MCHC
- mean cell hemoglobin concentration
- MCV
- mean cell volume
- mono.
- monocyte
- poly.
- polymorphonuclear leukocyte
- PMN
- polymorphonuclear neutrophil (leukocytes)
- PA
- pernicious anemia
- PT
- prothrombin time
- PTT
- partial thromboplastin time
- RBC
- red blood cell (erythrocyte)
- segs
- segmented neutrophils
- VLDL
- very-low-density lipoprotein
- WBC
- white blood cell count (WBC)
- acquired immunity
- immunity that is a result of the body developing the ability to defend itself against a specific agent, as a result of having had the disease or from having received an immunization against a disease.
- adenoids
- masses of lymphatic tissue located near the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx; also called the pharyngeal tonsils
- hypersensitivity
- tissue damage resulting from exaggerated immune responses
- immune reaction (immune response)
- a defense function of the body that produces antibodies to destroy invading antigens and malignancies
- immunity
- the state of being resistant to or protected from a disease; the individual is said to be immune
- immunization
- the process of creating immunity to a specific disease
- immunologist
- the health specialist whose training and experience is concentrated in immunology
- immunology
- the study of the reaction of the tissues to the immune system of the body to antigen stimulation
- immunotherapy
- a special treatment of allergic responses that administers increasingly large doses of the offending allergens to gradually develop immunity
- local reaction
- a reaction to treatment that occurs at the site where it was administered
- lymphadenopathy
- any disorder of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels
- lymphocyte
- small, agranulocytic leukocytes, originating from fetal stem cells and developing in the bone marrow
- macrophage
- any phagocytic cell involved in the defense against infection and in the disposal of the products of the breakdown of cells. Macrophages are found in the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, brain and spinal cord
- natural immunity
- immunity with which we are born; also called genetic immunity
- pathogens
- disease-producing microorganisms
- phagocytosis
- the process of a cell engulfing and destroying bacteria
- resistance
- the body's ability to counteract the effects of pathogens and other harmful agents
- susceptible
- a state of having a lack of resistance to pathogens and other harmful agents; for example, the individual is said to be susceptible
- T cells
- cells that are important in the immmune response; they mature in the thymus. Upon maturation, the T cells enter the blood and circulate throughout the body, providing defense against disease by attacking foreing and/or abnormal cells.
- tonsils
- masses of lymphatic tissue located in a protective ring, just under the mucous membrane, surrounding the mouth and back of the throat
- cyto-
- cell
- hyper-
- excessive
- immun/o-
- immune, protection
- lymph/o-
- lymph
- lymphaden/o
- lymph gland
- lymphangi/o
- lymph vessel
- mon/o
- one
- sarc/o
- flesh
- cytomegalovirus
- a large species-specific herpes-type virus with a wide variety of disease effects. It causes serious illness in persons with AIDS, in newborns and in individuals who are being treated with immunosuppressive drugs (as in individuals who have received an organ transplant) The virus usually results in retinal or gastrointestinal infection
- hypersplenism
- a syndrome involving a deficiency of one or more types of blood cells and an enlarged spleen
- Kaposi's sarcoma
- a locally destructive malignant neoplasm of the blood vessels associated with AIDS typically forming lesions appear initially as tiny red to purple macules and evolve into sizable nodules or plaques
- lymphoma
- a lymphoid tissue neoplasm that is typically malignant, beginning with a painless enlarged lymph node and progressing to anemia, weakness, fever and weight loss.
- mononucleosis
- usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), mononucleosis typically is a benign, self-limiting acute infection of the B lymphocytes
- myasthenia gravis
- an autoimmune disease in which antibodies block or destroy some acetylcholine receptor sites
- pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
- caused by a common worldwide parasite, pneumocystis carinii, for which most people have immunity if they are not severely immunocompromised
- sarcoidosis
- is a systemic inflammatory disease resulting in the formation of multiple small, rounded lesions (granulomas) in the lungs (comprising 90%), lymph nodes, eyes, liver, and other organs
- systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- an inflammatory connective tissue disease, chronic in nature, in which immune complexes are formed from the reaction of SLE autoantibodies and their corresponding antigens; these immune complexes are deposited in the connective tissues of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and other tissues
- tuberculosis
- an infectious disease, chronic in nature, primarily affecting the lungs, causing large areas of cavitations and caseous (cheeselike) necrosis
- enzyme-linked imunosorbent assay (ELISA)
- a blood test used for screening for an antibody to the AIDS virus
- western blot
- detects the presences of the antibodies to HIV, the virus that causes AIDS
- CT (CAT) scan
- a collection of x-ray images taken from various angles following injection of a contrast medium
- lymphangiogram
- an x-ray assesment of the lymphatic system following injection of a contrast medium into the lymph vessels in the hand or foot
- ARC
- AIDS related complex
- AIDS
- acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- CDC
- Centers for Disease control and prevention
- CMV
- cytomegalovirus
- EBV
- Epstein-Barr virus
- ELISA
- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- Histo
- histology
- HIV
- Human immunodeficiency virus
- HSV
- Herpes simplex virus
- ITP
- idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
- KS
- Kaposi's sarcoma
- SLE
- systemic lupus erythematosus